Chapter 12 Circulatory System
42. What is the life span of a red blood cell?
120 days
56. What is the normal range for a platelet count?
150,000-500,000 platelets/mm of blood
45. What is the normal range for a white blood count?
4,500-11,000/mm
b. Adult female:
4-5.5MILLION
a. Adult male:
4.5.6.2MILLION
b. Red blood cells:
45%
a. Plasma:
55%
3. How large is the average human heart?
9cm wide and 12cm long
9. What is another name for the pharyngel tonsils?
Adenoids
21. What structures transmit the heart's impulse from the AV node to the ventricles?
Av bundle,
18. What are the characteristics of antibody-mediated immunity?
B cells are responsible for the production of antibodies that inactivate the invading antigens
19. Antibody-mediated immunity most effective against what agents?
Bacteria, viruses that are outside body cells, and toxins
72. Why can veins hold more blood than arteries?
Because they are thinner and less rigid than those of the arteries
Blood Type
Blood Antigens Blood Antibodies
e.IgE
Bonds to mast cells and basophils, causing release of histamine; responsible for allergic reactions
71. What is the function of veins?
Carry blood toward the heart
c.IgM:
Causes antigen to clump together; responsible for transfusion reactions in ABO blood typing system
74. What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?
Circulate blood through the lungs
7. Where is the location of the following tonsils?
Clusters of lymphatic tissue just under the mucous membrane of the nose, mouth, and throat
3. What are the characteristics of lymphatic organs?
Clusters of lymphocytes and other cells, such as macrophages, with meshlike framework of connective tissue fibers
5. What is the function of lymph nodes?
Filter the lymph as it flows through the vessels so the lymph is cleaned by lymphocytes and macrophages before it enters the blood
10. What is the function of the spleen? Where is it located?
Filters blood in the much the same way as a lymph node filters lymph. In the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just under the diaphragm and behind the stomach
2. What is lymph? What is it derived from?
Fluid in the lymphatic system; plans in the blood
73. What is the function of venous valves?
Help keep the blood flowing toward the heart
8. What is the function of tonsils?
Help protect against pathogens that may enter the body through the nose and mouth
c.Passive natural immunity
Immune agents develop in another person(or animal) and are transferred to an individual who was not previously immune
6. Where is the location of the following clusters of lymph nodes?
Inguinal modes in the groin region, the ancillary nodes in the armpit, and the cervical nodes in the neck
13. List examples of non-specific defense mechanisms?
Intact or unbroken skin and mucous membranes are effective mechanical barriers against entry
Valve
Location Function
4. List examples of lymphatic organs.
Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus
14. What are the primary cells involved in immunity?
Lymphocytes and macrophages
a.IgG
Major antibody in primary am secondary immune responses; inactivated antigen; neutralizes toxins; crosses placenta to provide immunity for newborn; responsible for Rh reactions
11. What is the function of the thymus gland? Where is it located?
Maturation of special lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, also produces the hormone thymosin
d. Dysrhythmias:
More frequent
b.IgA:
Protects mucous membranes for body surfaces; provides immunity for newborn
75. What is the function of the systemic circuit?
Provide the blood supply for the tissue cells of the body
12. What are non-specific defense mechanisms?
Provide the initial defense against invading against regardless of the their nature
d.IgD
Receipt sites for antigens in B cells; binding with antigen results in B-cell activation
b.Active artificial immunity
Receive a vaccination and prince memory cells
d.Passive artificial immunity
Receive antiserum with antibodies from another host
1. What are the three primary functions of the lymphatic system?
Returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood to maintain homeostasis between the the fluid in the blood and the fluid that surrounds tissue cells; absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins; defense against invading microorganisms and disease
c. Valves of the heart:
Rigid and incompetent
a. Left ventricle:
Slightly smaller
15. What are the characteristics of specific defense mechanisms?
Specificity and memory
16. What are the characteristics of cell-mediated immunity?
T cells directly attack invading antigens
b. Endocardium:
Thicker
70. What makes up the wall of a capillary?
Thin endothelium
17. Cell-mediated immunity most effective against what agents?
Virus-infected cells, cancer cells, foreign tissue cells, fungi, and protozoan parasites
a.Active natural immunity
When individuals own body responds and produces memory cells
Type AB
a and b antigen; neither a nor b antibodies
c. Basophils:
about the same size as an eosinophil has aan s shaped nucleus, dark bluish-black
1.anti-
against
b. Globulins:
alpha and beta transporting lipids and fat-soluble vitamins in the blood, gamma immunity
b. Heparin:
anticoagulant that inhibits blood clot formation
27. peri-
around
9. epi-
around, outside
18. What are the names of the vessels that supply the heart with oxygen?
arteries
2. atri/o
atrium
57. What is the function of thrombocytes?
become sticky and clump together to form platelet plugs that close breaks and tears in blood vessels
20. hemat/o
blodd
16. hem/o
blood
c. Fibrinogen:
blood clotting
63. What is necessary to convert inactive prothrombin to active thrombin?
calcium ions and prothrombin activator
27. How does blood function as transportation in the body?
carries blood & nutrients to the cells of the body, transports cb & nitrogenous wastes from the tissues to the lungs and kidneys, and carries hormones from the endocrine glands to the target tissues
68. What is the function of arteries?
carry blood away from the heart
12. -cyt
cell
d. Semilunar valves:
closed
a. AV valves:
closing
a. Lubb:
closure of the AV valves
b. Dupp: .
closure of the SL valves
30. thromb/o
clot
4. coagul/o
clotting
29. How does blood function as protection for the body?
clotting mechanism prevent fluid loss, phagocytic white blood cells help protect the body against microorganisms, antibodies help protect against disease by reactions with amphetamine agents
6. What makes up the myocardium?
composed of cardiac muscle tissue
20. What is the function of the AV node?
conduct impulses more slowly than do other parts of the conduction systme
b. Atria:
contract
c. Ventricles:
contracting
a. Albumins:
contribute to the osmotic pressure of the blood and play an important role in maintaining fluid balance between the blood and interstitial fluid
19. -stasis
control
8. What type of blood enters the right atrium?
deoxygenated blood
c. Ventricles:
diastole
a. Histamine:
dilates blood vessels to increase blood flow to damaged tissues
34. What seven cells develop from a hemocytoblast?
erythrocytes; leukocytes; neurtrophils; eosinophils; basophils; lymphocytes; monocytes; thrombocytes
38 What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the red bone marrow to produce erythrocytes?
erythropoietin
61. What are procoagulants?
factors that promote clotting
_______ 7. Bile is the yellow pigment that results from the breakdown of red blood cells.
false biliruben
_______ 7. Vitamin K is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 from the intestines.
false intrinsic factor
_______ 9. Thrombocytes develop from large cells known as macrophages.
false magacaryocyte
_______ 1. The peritoneum is the loose-fitting sac that encloses the heart.
false pericardium
25. What causes a heart murmur?
faulty vavles
13. -poieses
formation
15. granul/o
granules
9. The superior vena cava returns blood to the heart from what parts of the body?
head, neck, and upper extremities
8. card/i
heart
1. What makes up the following components of the circulatory system?
heart, blood, blood vessles
58. What is the term for the stoppage of bleeding?
hemostasis
21. immun/o
immunity or protection
64. What is the function of thrombin?
in the presence of calcium ions, acts as a n enzyme to convert inactive and soluble fibrinogen into active and insoluble fibring
46. Where do leukocytes do their work?
in the tissues
69. What are the three layers that make up the wall of an artery?
inner most layer-tunica intima(tunica interna) middle layer-tunica media outermost layer-tunica externa(tunica adventitia_
51. What is the function of lymphocytes? What causes an increase in lymphocytes?
involved with the immune systme and the production of antibodies; certain viral infections
39. What vitamins and minerals are necessary for the production of red blood cells?
iron; vitamin b12 and folic acid
29. ren/o
kidney
23. macr/o
large
25. mega
large
52. What are macrophages, and what is their function?
large phagocytic connective tissue cell that functions in immune responses
d. Lymphocytes:
large round or slightly indented nucleus that stains a deep purplish-blue
14. Why does the left ventricle have a thicker myocardium than the right ventricle?
left ventricle pumps blood to the whole body and the right ventricle sends blood only to the lungs
Semilunar Valves
located at the base of the large vessels that carry blood from the ventricles
28. pulmon-
lung
43. What happens when a red blood cell is worn out?
macrophages remove them from circulation and they are replaced by an equal number of new cells
6. my/o
muscle
40. What is the function of the intrinsic factor?
necssary for the absorption of b12 in the intestines
Type O
neither type a or b antigen; both a and b antibodies
49. What is the function of eosinophils? What causes an increase in eosinophils?
neutralize histamine and destroy parasitic worms; allergic reactions
26. kary/o
nucleus
60. What is the function of a platelet plug?
obstructs the tear in the vessel
a. AV valves:
open
d. Semilunar valves:
opening
11. What is the interatrial septum?
partition that separates the right and left atria
7. Why does the endocardium have a smooth surface?
permit blood to move easily through the heart
Atrioventricular valves
permit the flow of blood from the atria into the corresponding ventricle
41. What condition results when there is a lack of the intrinsic factor?
pernicious anemia
62. How does blood stay in a liquid form in the blood vessels?
plasma
31. What makes up the buffy coat?
plasma, white blood cells
54. What is another name for a thrombocyte?
platelets
67. What does it mean if someone is Rh positive? What does it mean if he or she is Rh negative?
positive-Rh antigens on the surface of their RBCS negative-don't have Rh antigens
5. -tion
process
47. What is diapedesis?
process through which white blood cells squeeze between the cells in a vessel wall to enter the tissue spaces outside the blood vessel
18. -globin
protein
2. What is the function of the heart?
provides the force necessary to circulate the blood to all the tissues in the body; write more
65. Why does a blood clot retract after it forms?
pulls the edges of the damaged tissue closer together; reduces the flow of blood to the area; reduces the probability of infection, and enhances healing
a. Neutrophils:
purple, multilobed nucleus and many granules in the cytoplasm that stain a violet pink
13. What is the function of the left ventricle?
receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it out to the tissues of the whole body
12. What is the function of the right ventricle?
receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it out to the lungs where it picks up a new supply of oxygen
11. erythr/o
red
c. Visceral pericardium:
reflection of the parietal pericardium onto the surface of the heart
28. How does blood function to regulate the body?
regulate body temp by removing heat from active areas such a skeletal muscles and transporting to the other regions or to the skin, where it can be disipated and plays a significant role in the fluid and electrolyte balance, ph regulation
b. Atria:
relaxing
b. Eosinophils:
segmented nucleus, usually of no more than two lobes; large granules found in the cytoplasm stain a bright reddish orange
b. Parietal pericardium:
serous membrane that lines the fibrous pericardium
55. What is a megakaryocyte?
small fragments of large cells
36. Describe the appearance of a mature red blood cell.
small, round, and biconcave; it appears dumbbell-shaped in profile.
59. What is the function of serotonin secreted by platelets when a blood vessel is torn or cut?
stimulates smooth muscle contraction and prolongs the vascular constriction
14. -poietin
substance that forms
48. What is the function of neutrophils? What causes an increase in neutrophils?
the first leukocytes to respond to tissue damage, by engulfing bacteria by phagocytosis; acute infections
15. What is the interventricular septum?
thick muscular partition between the left and right ventricles
5. What is the function of the epicardium?
thin protective layer that is firmly anchored to the underlying muscle where all the blood vessels that nourish the heart are located
10. The inferior vena cava returns blood to the heart from what parts of the body?
thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities
7. dia-
through
10. -um
tisssue
24. phag-
to eat, devour
17. -blast
to form
a. Fibrous pericardium:
tough, white fibrous connective tissue
37. What is the function of erythrocytes?
transport oxygen and carbon dioide
_______ 1. The pointed end of the heart is the apex.
true
_______ 10. Microscopic arteries are known as arterioles.
true
_______ 10. Veins carry blood toward the heart.
true
_______ 2. The myocardium forms the bulk of the heart wall.
true
_______ 2. The superior vena cava returns blood to the heart from the lower extremities.
true
_______ 3. The coronary arteries branch off the aorta to supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients.
true
_______ 3. The mitral valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
true
_______ 4. The SA node is located in the right atrium.
true
_______ 4. When the ventricles are contracting, the atrioventricular (AV) valves are open.
true
_______ 5. The adult male has 5 to 6 L of blood.
true
_______ 5. The buffy coat is made up of white blood cells and platelets.
true
_______ 6. Erythrocytes lack a nucleus.
true
_______ 6. Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to respond to tissue damage.
true
_______ 8. Acute infections cause an increase in the number of neutrophils.
true
_______ 8. Leukocytes defend the body against disease.
true
_______ 9. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
true
Type A
type a antigen; type b antibody
Type B
type b antigen; type a antibody
33. What are the waste products of protein metabolism? How are these waste products excreted?
urea and uric acid, transported as solutes in plasma, to the kidneys for excretion
e. Monocytes:
ushaped nucleus surrounded by abundant cytoplasm that stains grayish blue
d. Aortic semilunar valve
valve at the exit of the left ventricle is in the base of the ascending aorta
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve
valve at the exit of the right ventricle is in the base of the pulmonary trunk
b. Bicuspid valve
valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
a. Tricuspid valve
valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
3. ventricul/o
ventricle
22. leuk/o
white
19. What is the function of the SA node?
without any neural stimulation rhythmically initiates impulses 70-80 times per minute
26. What is the total blood volume for a woman and a man?
woman-4-5L man-5-6L
44. What is bilirubin?
yellow pigment, by-product of RBC destruction
