Chapter 12

T lymphocytes

"T cells" fight antigen not by releasing antibodies by by the means of cellular processes.

social network

a cluster of related people, such as family members, spouses, friends, coworkers, or neighbors.

successful coping

a healthy immune system maintaining an optimistic view hardiness

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

a major neuroendocrine pathway relevant to the stress response involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the adrenal cortex. adrenal glad is triggered by hormones from the pituitary glad to release the stress hormone, cortisol. hypothalamus releases substnaces, callled releasing factors, that tell the pituitary when to rlease various hormones.

adrenal-medullary system

a major neuroendocrine pathway stimulated during stress, in which the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system. tell adrenal glad to release the sympathetic response, increasing heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure to make the body ready for action

depression

a mood disorder involving sadness and lethargy

resilience

a personality trait that means being more flexible and able to bounce back from difficult situations.

emotional disclosure

a way of coping with stress through writing or talking about the situation

problem-focused copoing

a way of dealing with stress that aims to change the situation that is creating stress.

emotion-focused coping

a way of dealing with stress that aims to regulate the experience of distress

Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP)

a way of responding to challenge or stress, characterized by hostility, impatience, competitiveness, and time urgency. hostility is the most important characteristic between Type A and coronary heath disease.

accepting responsibility

acknowledging one's role in the stress-eliciting situation.

telomerase

an enzyme that adds DNA sequences to telomeres

health behavior approach

an explanation for illness or health that focuses on the role of behaviors such as diet, exercise, or substance abuse.

physiological reactivity model

an explanation for the causal role of stress-related bodily changes in illness

antigen

any foreign substance that triggers an immune response.

telomeres

are a part of the chromosome involved in replication during the process of cell division and shorten as a person gets older

general adaption syndrome

as defined by Hans Selys, a generalized, nonspecific set of changes in the body that occur during extreme stress.

distancing

attempting to separate oneself from an emotional experience

immunosuppression

body's ability to kill potentially cancerous cells is reduced body's ability to fight pathogens is reduced.

sympathetic

branch of the nervous system that is responsible for mobilizing the body's resources during times of threat and emergency.

seeking social support

by talking with friends for purposes of emotional support. coping strategy provided by a network of friends and family that care about us and help us to cope with stressful events.

acute stressor

characterized by a sudden events

relational view of stress

defines stress as a particular relationship between people and the situations in which they find themselves.

pessimists

emphasize the negative

optimists

emphasize the positive

stressors

events that trigger a stress response, pushing people to their limits of control and capability.

response view of stress

focuses on the physiological changes that occur when someone encounters an excessively challenging situation.

glucocorticoids

hormones responsible for maintaining the activation of physiological systems during emergencies.

acquired immunity

immunity provided by antibodies produced in the body in response to specific antigens the process of recognizing specific antigens based on previous encounters with said antigen

resistance stage

in general adaption syndrome, the body's extended effort to deal with a threat.

immunisuppression

increases susceptibility to disease by reducing the body's ability to fight invading bacteria or viruses or its ability to fight off potentially cancerous cells, or both. body's ability to kill potentially cancerous cells is reduced. body''s ability to fight pathogens is reduced.

inflammation

is a process by which tissues and restores following injury

psychological reactivity model

is an explanation for how the stress response leads to an increased likelihood of illness or disease.

hypothalamus

liks the nervous system to parts of the endocrine system relevant to emotions

smoking

male impotence stoke cancers

daily hassles

minor irritations such as too much homework, relationship troubles, and traffic

chronic stressor

not characterized by a sudden event

self-control

or trying to regulate one's feelings or actions regarding the problem

lymphocytes

other white blood cells control acquired immunity

CRF stimulates

pituitary to release ACTH which then stimulates the cortex of the adrenal glad to release coritol "stress hormone"

stress

pressures of daily life interfere with our ability to maintain a sense of well-being. a response elicited when a situation overwhelms aa person's perceived ability to meet the demands of the situation. events or situations that push us to limit or threaten our safety or well-being

primary appraisal

quick assessment of the meaning of a given environmental event for an individual.

mindfullness meditation

reduce and decrease pain and stress and treat some physical disorders.

cytokines

regulate immune systems

grit

related to resilience, but is not identical with it. be able to stick to tasks over a long period of time

B lymphocytes

release antibodies into the bloodstream. destory antigens

pituitary

release hormones that play a knew role is stress respons

secondary appraisal

self-assessment of the resources available to cope with stress.

buffering hypothesis

social support may buffer the impact of stress under certain conditions

cortisol

stress hormone body's primary glucocorticoid released by the adrenal glands breakdown of comples molecues into simpler ones insures more glucose is available for fuel in the bloodstream.

the direct effects hypothesis

that social support is beneficial to mental and physical health whether or not the person is under stress.

coping strategies

the act of dealing with stress or emotions efforts to control, reduce or tolerate threats that lead to stress.

stimulus view of stress

the focus on the situations that cause stress

nautral immunity

the form of immunity that is the first response to antigens.

cardiovascular system

the heart, the blood, and all the blood vessels.

neuroendocrine system

the hormonal systems involved in emotion and stress

cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) model

the hypothesis the hostility can increase the likelihood of heart disease through at least two casual routes.

psychosomatic theory

the idea that emotional factors can lead to the occurrence or worsening of illness.

cellular immunity

the immune reponse that occurs when T lymphocytes (T cells) fight antigens.

exhasution stage

the phase of the general adaptation syndrome when all the body's resources for fighting a threat have been depleted and illness is more likely.

alarm stage

the phase of the general adaption syndrome in which all the body's resources respond to a perceived threat. HPA axis is active and the sustained relase of cortisol form the adrenal glands

phagocytosis

the process by which a white blood cell engulfs a substance and digests it or moves it to a place where is will be destroyed.

allostasis

the process by which the body achieves stability through physiological change.

reappraisal

the reevaluation of a situation in light of new information or additional thought

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

the science of how psychological factors can relate to changes in the immune changes. studies the relationships among the brain, thought, feeling, endocrine changes, and immune system functioning.

health psychology

the study of the role psychological factors play in regard to health and illness.

catecholamines

they control ANS activation they are released by the adrenal glands they function as both neurotransmitters and hormones

HPA axis adrenal-medullary system

two major neuroendocrine pathways stimulated by the hypothalamus during an emotional event.

the hypothalamus stops releasing CRF

when the level of cortisol in the blood adequately meets the body's metabolic needs

adrenal glads

which sit atop of the kidneys, release stress-related hormones, catecholamines, which control ANS activation, and the glucocorticides, which maintain the activation of physiological systemes during emergencies

escape-aviodance

wishful thinking or doing something to get one's mind odd the situation