Chapter 12 History Study Guide

1873- slaughterhouse case:

-Most civil rights ruled by the state rather than the federal government -rights are unprotected by the 14th amendment

1876- U.S. v. Cruikshank:

-The 14th amendment was ruled not to grant the federal gov power to punish white who oppressed the black

1876- U.S. v. Reese:

-The 15th amendment was determined not to grant voting rights to anyone but rather to restrict types of voter discrimination.

Black Code

-laws that limit african american rights

What were the goals of the KKK?

-restore white supremacy -destroy republican party -cust reconstruction gov't -help planters control african american labor -prevent african americans from exercising their political rights.

Reconstruction

1865-1877: rebuild confederate states into the union

What was the Wade-Davis Bill? How did it differ from Lincoln's plan for reconstruction?

A bill stating that congress, not the prez, was responsible for reconstruction, and declared that the majority should have vote of allegiance. It is different than lincoln in which the congress makes the decision and needed more than 10% of the voters to swear to allegiance.

How did Republican governments provide new opportunities in the South?

By allowing the president to be elected and accept their requests

Describe Congressional Reconstruction. What are the policies that they passed?

Congressional Reconstruction is rebuilding the confederates back into the union, they passed the policies of african american rights such as voting land rights, etc. a public works program, new school policies, and sharecropped/ share-tenancy.

Who were the Radical Republicans? Identify specific policies that they supported.

Extreme republicans including sumner and stevens who wanted to destroy political power if slave owners, and supported that african americans should be allowed to vote and be a full citizen

Why was Johnson impeached?

He allowed tenure, which many people thought was unconstitutional , he then fired his sec of war so the house brought impeachment charges but they were down by one vote.

Why do you think President Lincoln proposed generous terms for reconstruction in 1863?

He was generous bc he wanted them right back into the union and for them not to be upset with him since they just fought a huge war with many losses (including people)

Why did racial violence increase in 1870? How did the federal government respond?

It increased as the republican party grew stronger and the african americans were being guaranteed more and more rights.

From the perspective of an African American in the South, how was Reconstruction a success and how was it a failure?

It was a success because, the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were passed, granting their protection, and the percent of literate blacks increased, also, reconstruction paved its way to full citizenship rights. The fails of reconstruction include violence, and the poor cycle as a result of sharecropping and land situation.

How did many white southerners react to the new status of African Americans in society?

Many white southerners were mad and scared of competition with the blacks so they turned to violence and many of them formed social groups like the KKK to terrorize the african americans.

Explain the opposition to blacks and the 14th, and 15th amendments.

No one liked the blacks as they were competition for land, jobs, office, etc. They also did not want them to vote which was granted and protected in the 14th and 15th amendments. This then sparked women's suffrage and the fight for their rights to vote. People felt they weren't deserving of a vote bc they weren't true americans

Explain scalawag & carpetbaggers. Which groups of the South welcomed them, and disliked them?

Scalawags hopen to gain political office with the help of african american vote. The wanted to use the office to enrich themselves, the improved economic and political position and prevent former wealth players from regaining power. The carpetbaggers were any northern who moved to the south after war, they arrived with few items, white southerners wanted to exploit the postwar turmoil- make profit, they had mixed motives, they helped those in need and buy land and start legitimate, The south welcomed scalawags and disliked the carpetbaggers

Explain segregation and integration. Which policy was generally supported in the post-Civil War South?

Segregation is when the races are held separate from each other in public places such as schools, restaurants, busses, etc. Integration is when all races are allowed in one place all together, doing the same things. Segregation was supported in the south, they did not want the blacks interfering with white life, and wanted white the be the dominates of the southern area.

Explain the similarities and difference between sharecropping, share-tenancy and tenant farming.

Sharecropping and share-tenancy are different because share-tenancy allowed the farmer to choose what they wanted to grow and allowed them to save some money, sharecropping called for the farmer to pay the owner half back, with the additions of the use of their tools and other necessary items so these people were stuck in poverty where the others could at least find a way to let themselves grow financially at least by a little.

Why did the goals of the Republican Party change during the 1870's?

The economical terminal: panic of 1873, banks failed, job losses, uncertain economy, and currency dispute.

What role did the Freedmen's Bureau play for African Americans?

The freedmen's bureau called for the freeing of slaves and war victims but, alienation occurred, moderate rep, the radicals were angered so they took control of congress and override the veto, this would have limited their freedom by a lot but the override of the veto caused less effects to occur.

How and why did the Reconstruction era end?

The reconstruction era ended with the compromise of 1877, it ended with the compromise of Prez Hayes agreeing to perform the actions requested by the democrats in order for him to win their vote to become the president.

Who were the Redeemers? What strategy did they follow, and how successful were they?

The redeemers were people who aimed to repair the south in congress's eyes. Their strategy was to redeem/ reclaim the south from northern domination, they had some success.

How did social and economic life change for freed people?

They were now guaranteed all the rights stated in the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments so they were able to have their own lives, start their own traditions, cultures, and towns, but they had to pay the consequences of usually living a poor life and living a life of being terrorized by haters, etc.

What factors contributed to the refocusing of the nation away from the problems of the South?

Widespread of political corruption in federal gov, scandals of grants administration, grants reputation being demolished.

How did the Radical Republican's plans for Reconstruction differ from those of Lincoln and Johnson?

african american equality and consequence for the south

sharecropping

divided land, gave workers a few acres and tools, in return the shares are payed half back the buyer makes and the people are stuck in a poverty cycle.

Share-tenancy

farm worker choose the crop they wanted to harvest, buy own supplies, gave portion to owner, could save some money.

Enforcement Acts

federal offenses to interfere without right to vote.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

grant citizenship to african americans and outlaws black codes, johnson vetoes

Fourteenth Amendment

guarantees citizenship to african americans and prohibits states from passing laws to take citizen rights.

Wade-Davis Bill

majority of a state's pre war voters swear loyalty to the union: pocket vetoed by the president

Compromise of 1877

marked end of reconstruction, south can run state govt without federal intervention, south whites gain power but it is not a complete failure.

Rutherford B. Hayes

new president (republican) was accepted as president under these conditions: withdrawal fed troops from LA and SC, federal money to build railroads from TX to West to improve rivers, harbors, and bridges, and appoint tiden to his cabinet.

Fifteenth Amendment

no citizen can be denied right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Carpetbagger

only northerners who moved south after war

Tenant Farming

people paid rent for land, kept harvest so that they can move up the economic ladder.

Redeemer

people who aimed to repair the south in congress eyes, their strategy is to reclaim south from northern domination.

Radical Republican

people who make up minority of the republicans in congress, the favored the destruction of political power of slave owners and believe that african americans should be allowed to vote and be a full citizen.

Freedman's Bureau

plan to free slaves and war victims, but johnson vetoed

Andrew Johnson

president who comes with his own reconstruction plan calling for withdrawal succession and a swear of allegiance, also to ratify the 13th amendment, this enraged many radicals and african americans because the plan looked a lot like the same way of life in 1860s

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

social club for confederate veterans.

Integration

the mixing of races, colors, etc.

Segregation

the separation of races, colors, etc.

Why was the Reconstruction of the South likely to be a difficult process?

this could be difficult bc we didn't want to anger the south so that they wouldn't be mad since the goal was the become a union again, but we didn't want to anger the north bc they are the supporters of the gov and they can turn so they had to make sure both sides were equally somewhat satisfied and that was a hard thing to do

What were the immediate effects of Reconstruction?

union restored, african americans gain citizenship and voting rights, south's economy and infrastructure improved, southern states established public school system, KKK and other groups terrorized african americans, sharecropping system takes hold in the south.

Impeach

vote president out of office

How did Radical Republicans try to protect the rights of African Americans?

wade-davis bill

Scalawag

white men who've been locked out of pre-war politics by their wealthy neighbors.(very political).