Chapter 12 Mastering Biology

The TP53 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____.

involved in the regulation of the cell cycle

Insulin used for the treatment of diabetes in humans is now obtained from _____.

bacteria

Genomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector?

bacteriophages

Golden Rice is golden in color because it is rich in

beta-carotene

Golden rice has been genetically engineered. Golden rice differs from other rice varieties because it contains genes that will produce _____.

beta-carotene

Which of these is a vitamin A precursor?

beta-carotene

Which of these is a symptom of vitamin A deficiency?

blindness

Gel electrophoresis separates pieces of DNA based on _____.

size

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their

size.

Frequently, genetic engineers use plasmids, which are _____.

small circlets of DNA found in bacteria

Which step in the creation of cDNA involves the use of reverse transcriptase?

step 3

Which step in this process requires use of restriction enzymes?

step B

The unpaired nucleotides produced by the action of restriction enzymes are referred to as _____.

sticky ends

A vaccine works by

stimulating the immune system.

DNA polymerase is a heat-sensitive enzyme. What is one thing that would need to be considered concerning the activity of this enzyme in PCR when the temperature is heated during each cycle to separate the DNA strands?

that the DNA polymerase could be denatured

The type of repetitive DNA composed of sequences of large repeated units is often associated with

transposable elements.

DNA synthesized using an RNA template is called _____.

cDNA

A cDNA library differs from a genomic library in that

cDNA libraries only contain information from genes that have been transcribed.

Which of the following statements best defines recombinant DNA technology?

combining genes from different sources

DNA profiling is a forensic procedure being utilized to identify individuals. This technique _____.

compares the DNA banding patterns of small segments of the genome

Restriction enzymes _____.

cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

The advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin is that

human insulin is less likely to cause harmful side effects than cow, pig, or horse insulin.

The RP13 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____.

involved in eye development

If Sophie conceives a child, and the father neither has cystic fibrosis nor is a carrier, what are the chances that the child would have cystic fibrosis?

0%, because the child must receive the bad gene from both parents

What is the smallest number of cells needed to perform a successful DNA profile?

20

If Sophie has a brother or sister from the same parents, what are the chances that sibling would have cystic fibrosis?

25%

Approximately what percentage of the human genome actually encodes proteins?

3%

Comparison of whole genome sequences shows that we share _____ of our genome sequence with our closest relative.

96%

Approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding?

98.5%

Approximately what percentage of the human genome is identical to that of a chimpanzee?

98.8%

Which of the following statements about DNA technology is false?

DNA technology is now used to create cells that can identify and kill cancer cells.

_____ are a major source of restriction enzymes.

Bacterial cells

"Sticky ends" are

DNA fragments with single-stranded ends.

DNA moves through a gel toward the positive electrode when an electric charge is applied. What property of DNA allows this movement or migration to occur?

DNA has a negative charge.

After DNA fragments with matching sticky ends are temporarily joined by complementary base pairing, the union can be made permanent by the "pasting" enzyme

DNA ligase

The polymerase chain reaction relies upon unusual, heat-resistant ________ that were isolated from bacteria living in hot springs.

DNA polymerases

What is the preferred name of the technique used to determine if DNA comes from a particular individual?

DNA profiling

Which of the following do you think contributed the most to the success of Rhys' gene therapy?

Doctors were replacing only one gene, and they only had to insert that gene into bone marrow cells.

The type of recombinant bacteria most often used to mass-produce genes is

Escherichia coli.

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA molecules on the basis of size. Which of the following DNA molecules would move the slowest?

F plasmid (100 kb)

Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in growth?

GH1

What does the process of gene therapy involve?

It adds a functioning version of the defective gene to the cells of an individual.

What is the function of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

It can make a large amount of DNA from a tiny amount.

What purpose does a nucleic acid probe serve?

It helps identify genes that have been inserted into bacterial plasmids.

Why is the whole-genome shotgun method currently the tool of choice for analyzing genomes?

It is fast and inexpensive.

Why is golden rice pale yellow in color?

It is rich in beta-carotene.

Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in white blood cell function?

MPO

Which of the following statements about genome sequencing is false?

Most of the genomes that have been sequenced to date are eukaryotes.

Analyses of human and Neanderthal FOXP2 genes have revealed that __________.

Neanderthals may have had the ability to speak

If you commit a crime, you need to make sure that you do not leave even the smallest speck of blood, hair, or other organic matter from your body. If you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by _____, subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime.

PCR

Which of the following statements regarding proteomics is true?

Proteomics is the systematic study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome.

Which of the following statements regarding repetitive DNA is false?

Repetitive DNA is identical in all humans.

What is the current standard tool used for DNA profiling by forensic scientists?

STR analysis

When is PCR particularly applicable?

When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze

Which of the following is an example of a transgenic organism?

a bacterium with human gene for producing insulin

A genomic library is _____.

a collection of cloned DNA fragments from an organism's genome

A nucleic acid probe is

a piece of radioactively labeled DNA that is used to locate a specific gene.

What does the term vector refer to in genetic engineering?

a plasmid or other agent used to transfer DNA into a living cell

An enzyme that "cuts" DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotide bases is called _____.

a restriction enzyme

Which of the following pieces of evidence would be considered the best for establishing biological relatedness?

a very close match in the DNA profile

During the process of electrophoresis, the ________ functions like a molecular sieve, separating the samples according to their size.

agarose gel

Proteomics studies _____.

all of the proteins encoded in a genome

A transgenic animal is

an animal containing a gene from another organism, typically of another species.

The variation that occurs in 13 predetermined sites scattered throughout the human genome can be used to identify individual people. This DNA profile is possible because _____.

an individual is likely to have the same sequence in the same places but with a different number of repeats

During the Polymerase Chain Reaction, the two strands of DNA are separated by _____.

applying heat that breaks the hydrogen bonds connecting the DNA strands

Genome sequence analysis suggests that Neanderthals

at least sometimes had pale skin and red hair.

Theoretically, which of the following diseases should be the easiest to treat through gene therapy, considering the targeted organs and tissues where the corrected gene must be delivered?

diabetes, since the target cells are found only in the pancreas

What does the term restriction fragment length polymorphism mean?

fragments of DNA that are different lengths in different individuals

Genetically modifying ________ cells may directly affect future generations.

gamete-forming

Copies of cloned genes are stored in a _____.

genomic library

In a PCR reaction, the strands of DNA are first separated by ___.

heating

The allele that causes cystic fibrosis is recessive. An individual who is heterozygous for cystic fibrosis

is a carier.

The number of proteins in humans

is much greater than the number of genes.

In the process of human gene cloning using plasmids, the bacterial plasmid

is used as the vector.

The only cells that can correctly attach sugars to proteins to form glycoprotein products are

mammalian cells.

The individuals working on the Human Genome Project (HGP) were attempting to _____.

map all the human genes and determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome

In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel.

negative ... positive

DNA ligase binds

nucleotides in the DNA backbone together.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a health problem for someone with cystic fibrosis?

obesity

If someone is a carrier of a recessive genetic disorder, it means he or she has __________ of the allele, and __________ exhibit symptoms of the disorder.

one copy; does not

The production of genetically identical animals that are carrying recombinant human genes for pharmaceutical purposes, for example using goats to produce antithrombin, is called __________.

pharming

A supplemental appendix is to a book as a _____ is to a bacterial chromosome.

plasmid

When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as

recombinant DNA

Restriction enzymes specifically recognize and cut short sequences of DNA called

restriction sites.

The enzyme that converts information stored in RNA to information stored in DNA is

reverse transriptase

The transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes from genetically engineered bacteria to disease-causing bacteria _____.

seems unlikely

What is the correct sequence of events that occur in a PCR reaction?

separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA

To identify an individual involved in a crime, criminologists analyze DNA from a suspect's blood and compare the __________ to samples found at the crime scene.

short tandem repeat DNA profile

The ________ approach to gene cloning employs a mixture of fragments from the entire genome of an organism and results in the production of thousands of different recombinant plasmids.

shotgun

Celera Genomics implemented a faster way of sequencing the human genome. What was this method?

shotgun cloning

When genetic variation in one nucleotide is found in at least 1% of the population, it is known as a

single nucleotide polymorphism.

When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein,

the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid, and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation.

Which of the following has not been a significant issue in the creation of genetically modified (GM) organisms?

the fact that GM organisms cannot be modified to prevent them from reproducing once they pass beyond the experimental stage

Transgenic organisms are only scientifically or commercially useful if _____.

the inserted ("foreign") gene is expressed in the host organism

In order for gene therapy to be permanent in the patient being treated,

the normal gene must be transferred to somatic cells that can continuously multiply.

The process of accurately amplifying a sample of DNA is called _____.

the polymerase chain reaction

Which of the following genetically modified organisms has not been developed by genetic engineers (at least, not yet)?

transgenic corn with the gene for human insulin

Segments of eukaryotic DNA that can move or be copied from one site to another in the genome are called

transposable elements.