Chapter 12 (NEW)

What percentage of Earth's water is fresh and available for drinking? A) 2.5% B) 10% C) 97.5% D) 100%

A) 2.5%

PART D: After 55 years, how does the capacity of a restored wetland to absorb nutrients compare to that of a natural wetland? A) about 40% of natural wetland capacity B) about 50% of natural wetland capacity C) about 98% of natural wetland capacity D) cannot be determined from the graph

A) about 40% of natural wetland capacity

PART B: What does the red graph line represent? A) plant biomass B) soil organic matter C) years since restoration D) nutrient absorption capacity

A) plant biomass

PART E: Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? Most of the productivity of a wetland can be restored within 50 years, but it takes much longer to restore soil fertility. A) supported B) not supported C)cannot be determined from the graph

A) supported

PART F: Natural wetlands provide many ecosystem services. When a wetland is restored, which of the following ecosystem services returns most rapidly? A) improving water quality for nearby communities B) providing food for fish and wildlife C) reducing the impact of droughts on nearby communities D) reducing the impact of floods on nearby communities

B) providing food for fish and wildlife

PART E... Which of the following are consequences of ocean acidification? Select all that apply. -Clams, mussels, lobsters, and shrimp are not able to form strong enough shells. -Animals in the oceans cannot get enough oxygen. -Corals and coral reefs are not able to form their hard skeletons. -Ocean temperatures are dropping.

-Clams, mussels, lobsters, and shrimp are not able to form strong enough shells. -Corals and coral reefs are not able to form their hard skeletons.

PART B: The largest fishery on Earth, located along the west coast of Chile, consists of __________. 1% of the ocean and provides 20% of the world's total fish catch 1% of the ocean and provides 50% of the world's total fish catch 20% of the ocean and provides 20% of the world's total fish catch 20% of the ocean and provides 90% of the world's total fish catch

1% of the ocean and provides 20% of the world's total fish catch

PART B... How much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans on a daily basis? 2 million metric tons 20 million metric tons 70 million metric tons 10 billion metric tons

20 million metric tons

What percentage of Earth's surface is ocean? 2.5% 50% 71% 100%

71%

A 2003 study reported that ________% of large-bodied fish and sharks were lost in the first decade of industrialized fishing. 50 20 90 10 40

90

PART B: Michael Leech argues that marine reserves simply shift fishing pressure from a reserve to another area. He recommends other solutions, such as ________. Eliminating gear restrictions for commercial fishermen Catch-and-release-only species Looser management restrictions Increased political access for commercial fisheries lobbyists

Catch-and-release-only species

Which of the following is a systematic shift in atmospheric pressure, sea surface temperature, and ocean circulation patterns in the tropical Pacific Ocean that alters weather patterns on a worldwide scale? thermohaline circulation North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) Upwellings El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

PART D: This river's drainage basin includes areas both north and south of the equator. Its flow is stable because there is always a rainy season somewhere along the river. Niger Limpopo Congo Zambezi Ubangi

Congo

PART C: After 20 years, how much plant biomass does a restored wetland contain? A) about 20% of the biomass of a natural wetland B) about 30% of the biomass of a natural wetland C) about 60% of the biomass of a natural wetland D) about 80% of the biomass of a natural wetland

D) about 80% of the biomass of a natural wetland

The region of a lake where plants are able to attach to the bottom and still reach above the surface is known as the __________. A) abyssal zone B) benthic zone C) profundal zone D) littoral zone

D) littoral zone

FIGURE: Rooted freshwater plants cannot live below_______ A) the benthic zone B) the profundal zone C) the littoral zone D) the limnetic zone E) the zone of demarcation

D) the limnetic zone

What is an area of land in which all freshwater converges into the largest stream, ultimately draining into the largest body of water? A) spring B) estuary C) wetland D) watershed

D) watershed

In which of the following units is pore space partially saturated with water? A) zone of saturation B) aquifer recharge zone C) profundal zone D) zone of aeration

D) zone of aeration

Of the following, ________ characterize(s) an oligotrophic lake or pond. A) low oxygen concentrations B) high nutrient levels C) high oxygen concentrations D) low nutrient levels E) Both C and D

E) Both C and D (high oxygen concentrations & low nutrient levels)

Of the following, ________ best describes floodplains. A) a region of land that has been deliberately, permanently flooded due to human disturbance, such as in dam building B) an area that is incidentally flooded when farming or mining operations change the course of rivers C) an area that is periodically flooded because humans have altered the landscape D) an area where flood irrigation of crops is used, such as a rice paddy E) a region of land that is periodically flooded when a river overflows

E) a region of land that is periodically flooded when a river overflows

Freshwater wetlands provide important ecosystem services, including ________. A) filtering pollutants B) slowing runoff C) recharging aquifers D) reducing flooding E) all of the above

E) all of the above (filtering pollutants, recharging aquifers, slowing runoff, reducing flooding)

FIGURE: The pair of mallard ducks in the figure eats floating plants such as duckweed, seeds of shoreline plants, and very small organisms at or near the surface. They would be most affected by any change to the... A) limnetic or profundal zones B) littoral or profundal zones C) littoral or benthic zones D) limnetic or benthic zones E) littoral or limnetic zones

E) littoral or limnetic zones

PART A: Jane Lubchenco discusses the benefits of marine reserves for marine organisms. According to scientific studies, which of the following characteristics had the largest increase in marine reserves? Average individual size Biomass Diversity Abundance

Biomass

The initial consequence of falling water tables would be the loss of ________. A) mammals that thrive in dry habitats B) trees that do best with low precipitation C) agricultural irrigation water D) deep lakes E) birds that live in upland areas

C) agricultural irrigation water

PART G: Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? The restoration of a wetland takes about 100 years. A) supported B) not supported C) cannot be determined from the graph

C) cannot be determined from the graph

PART A: What does the y-axis show? A) rate of wetland recovery B) nutrient absorption capacity C) percent of recovery compared to natural wetlands D) number of years since restoration

C) percent of recovery compared to natural wetlands

Only about 2.5% of all the water on our planet is freshwater, however,_______ A) most of this is in large, freshwater lakes B) most of this is in underground aquifers C) over half of this is extremely hard water and is nearly unusable for drinking or agriculture D) over half of this is in wetlands near coastlines and is becoming contaminated with saltwater E) most of this is in polar ice caps, glaciers, and underground aquifers and is not easily accessed for human use

E) most of this is in polar ice caps, glaciers, and underground aquifers and is not easily accessed for human use

PART A: The tropical seas around the world's largest peninsula contain some of the world's largest, most undestroyed, and most pristine coral reefs. What body of water does not contact the Arabian Peninsula? Persian Gulf Caspian Arabian Sea Red Sea Gulf of Aden

Caspian

PART D: The __________ is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area. Its salinity is only about one-third that of seawater. Black Sea Red Sea Caspian Sea Indian Ocean Mediterranean Sea

Caspian Sea

The exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific is referred to as ________. El Niño cyclonic storm formation the Coriolis effect downwelling La Niña

El Niño

What is a marine protected area? any portion of the ocean that is protected from fishing and the harvesting of kelp any portion of the ocean that is protected from some human activities but may be open to others, such as the laying of cables and some fishing an area that has physical boundaries that limit movement of pollutants into and out of the area any portion of the ocean that is protected from any commercial or recreational use

any portion of the ocean that is protected from some human activities but may be open to others, such as the laying of cables and some fishing

PART D: Which of the following is a promising way to reduce global water consumption? avoiding waste and mismanagement building more dams irrigating more crops All of the listed responses are correct.

avoiding waste and mismanagement

Recent research that analyzed the content of commercial bottled water indicates that ________. bottled water has no contamination from hormone mimic plasticizers bottled water is significantly cheaper than tap water all surveyed brands had information about the source and how it was treated bottled water consumes less fossil fuels in reaching the consumer than tap water does bottled water is no safer or purer than most samples of tap water

bottled water is no safer or purer than most samples of tap water

Which of the following fishing methods involves dragging weighted nets across the ocean floor in an attempt to catch groundfish? fly-fishing bottom-trawling Driftnetting longline fishing

bottom-trawling

Upwelling ________. brings benthic nutrients to the ocean surface promoting high primary productivity occurs when winds blow at right angles to a coastline transports oxygen from deep to surface waters is the flow of warm water upward toward the ocean surface occurs in areas where there are no currents

brings benthic nutrients to the ocean surface promoting high primary productivity

Artificial wetlands ________. purify water for use as bottled drinking water are the major program for replacing lost natural wetlands are created using xeriscaping methods can help purify water and also provide recreational opportunities are a source of arsenic contamination in Bangladesh

can help purify water and also provide recreational opportunities

PART C... What is the chemical reaction responsible for the oceans becoming more acidic? methane reacts with seawater, forming carbon dioxide carbon dioxide reacts with seawater, forming sulfuric acid carbon dioxide reacts with seawater, forming nitric acid carbon dioxide reacts with seawater, forming carbonic acid

carbon dioxide reacts with seawater, forming carbonic acid

PART A: Water currents along the coastline of Chile pull up deep water that is __________. cold and low in nutrients cold and high in nutrients warm and low in nutrients warm and high in nutrients

cold and high in nutrients

The area that underlies the shallow water bordering continents is called the ________. pelagic zone continental shelf benthic zone water table groundwater aeration zone

continental shelf

The primary effect of thermal pollution on aquatic ecosystems is ________ increased evaporation lowering the water table causing a large increase in plant productivity depleting dissolved oxygen lowering the pH of the water

depleting dissolved oxygen

What technology is used to extract freshwater from ocean water? desalinization canals irrigation conservation

desalinization

Water bodies where rivers flow into the oceans, mixing fresh water with saltwater, are called ________. salt marshes estuaries littoral ecosystems upwellings mangroves

estuaries

What type of coastal feature experiences fluctuations in salinity with daily and seasonal variations? salt marshes estuaries mangrove forests beaches

estuaries

PASSAGE... Sinkholes can occur when ________. the water level in an aquifer rises, pushing through to the surface the water in an artesian aquifer is under sufficient pressure that it breaks through to the surface excessive water use lowers a water table and weakens the substrate nonconsumptive use lowers an aquifer too much weight above an aquifer causes it to cave in

excessive water use lowers a water table and weakens the substrate

Of the following, ________ is one of the major pollutants of groundwater. treated sewage from cities carbon dioxide fertilizers from agricultural fields acid rain home garbage

fertilizers from agricultural fields

PART A: As a result of humans' increased use of the water in the Colorado River, __________. the river can no longer be dammed to generate electricity fisheries in the upper Gulf of California have been hurt water no longer flows through the Grand Canyon All of the listed responses are correct.

fisheries in the upper Gulf of California have been hurt

We build dams to ________. drain wetlands for urban development transform watersheds into farms, towns, and recreational areas control the spread of water borne diseases generate electricity, prevent flooding, and provide irrigation and drinking water improve habitat for native fish

generate electricity, prevent flooding, and provide irrigation and drinking water

Which of the following is a non-consumptive use of water as a resource? hydroelectric power copper mining farmland irrigation general industrial use

hydroelectric power

PASSAGE... According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the number of human-induced sinkholes has doubled since 1930. Insurance claims increased 1200% from 1987 to 1991, costing nearly $100 million. A major reason for this is ________. roadway construction, leading to increased runoff decreases in agriculture increased rainfall, raising the water level global warming increased water consumption through development and urbanization

increased water consumption through development and urbanization

PART C: Most water taken out of the natural world is used for __________ industrial manufacturing irrigation cleaning purposes drinking water

irrigation

In thermohaline circulation of global current systems, surface water is ________. cold and dense warm and dense driven by winds from north to south less salty, less dense, and warmer saltier and colder

less salty, less dense, and warmer

In a municipal water treatment plant, the primary treatment step consists of ________. letting sewage sit in large tanks so suspended solids settle out filtering the sewage stirring the sewage to increase oxidation chlorinating the sewage adding bacteria to the sewage

letting sewage sit in large tanks so suspended solids settle out

PART D: A boat floating along the eastern shore of Florida is expected to drift __________. eastward toward Africa northward toward the New England states southward toward South America westward toward Mexico

northward toward the New England states

Why is primary production and animal life concentrated at the surface in pelagic regions of the open-ocean? coral reefs mangrove forests tidal creeks nutrient upwellings

nutrient upwelling

What caused the Aral Sea, the fourth largest lake on Earth, to lose four-fifths of its volume in 40 years? a) overconsumption by the fishermen and the community living there to support them b) overconsumption for industrial uses c) overconsumption by cotton farmers d) overconsumption by large resort communities living on its banks

overconsumption by cotton farmers

Bycatch ________. is fishing for two species of fish concurrently is the practice of returning female and young fish back to the ocean is fishing only at the surface of the ocean refers to the accidental capture of animals is fishing only at deep levels of the ocean

refers to the accidental capture of animals

Overpumping groundwater in coastal areas can cause ________ to move into aquifers, making the water undrinkable. untreated sewage suspended solids VOCs hard water ions saltwater

saltwater

Wastewater that is stirred and aerated so that aerobic bacteria consume most of the small pieces of organic matter in the wastewater is being subjected to ________. tertiary treatment pre-treatment primary treatment basic treatment secondary treatment

secondary treatment

PART F... Because of ocean acidification, the price of which of the following foods is most likely to increase? tuna squid swordfish shellfish

shellfish

What type of farming has led to the destruction of mangroves? soybean shrimp cod Corn

shrimp

Zooxanthellae are ________. bacteria that fix nitrogen in ocean sediments an endangered species of fish in the Aral Sea symbiotic algae that provide energy to many species of corals an invasive kelp species in the Indian Ocean used in the treatment of wastewater

symbiotic algae that provide energy to many species of corals

Salt marshes are ________ ecosystems, while mangroves are ________. benthic; freshwater tropical ecosystems temperate intertidal; found on subtropical and tropical shorelines dominated by kelp; found in coral reefs tropical intertidal; found on temperate shorelines freshwater; pelagic

temperate intertidal; found on subtropical and tropical shorelines

PART B: In the past 50 years, the global hydrological environment has experienced great change due to __________. the dramatic shift away from reliance on crop irrigation the construction of more than 40,000 new dams the increased use of water from the Great Lakes by cities such as Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, and Toronto all of the listed developments

the construction of more than 40,000 new dams

PART B: The introduction of the Nile perch has dramatically altered the freshwater ecosystem of Africa's largest lake. This lake is located in a __________. tropical savanna steppe tropical rain forest desert coastal forests

tropical savanna

PART D: You are a marine biologist interested in learning more about the use of rigs as artificial reefs. Which of the following places would be best for you to see how well this process works? Gulf of Mexico North shore of California South shore of California North shore of Hawaii

Gulf of Mexico

PART E: Which of the following lakes lies at the highest elevation? Lake Tanganyika Lake Turkana Lake Tana Lake Chad Lake Victoria

Lake Tana

PART C: The Mediterranean Sea is nearly landlocked, and tides are limited due to the narrow connection with the Atlantic Ocean. How is the land around the sea primarily used? irrigated agriculture nomadic herding Mediterranean agriculture dry farming petroleum extraction

Mediterranean agriculture

PART C: The Macina is a large area of lakes and floodplains whose ecosystem depends on how much flooding it receives. The delta consists of the middle course of this river in the Sahel. In the river, you can still find sea cows. Ubangi Zambezi Congo Limpopo Niger

Niger

Which of the following statements about ocean water is true? Oceans have a high heat capacity and change temperature slowly. Surface waters change temperature more slowly than oceans. Oceans change temperature regularly throughout the day. Oceans change temperature more quickly than the land changes temperature.

Oceans have a high heat capacity and change temperature slowly.

PART D... How are oyster larvae affected by ocean acidification? Acidified ocean waters are too cloudy for photosynthesis to occur under water. Acidified ocean waters favor fish that eat oyster larvae. Oyster larvae are killed by carbon dioxide in acidified ocean waters. Oyster larvae cannot grow shells in acidified ocean waters.

Oyster larvae cannot grow shells in acidified ocean waters.

PART B: Which body of water is connected to the Indian Ocean by the Gulf of Aden and contains coral reefs that have developed an unusually high tolerance to the extreme temperatures and salinity that occur in the region? Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Persian Gulf Black Sea Aegean Sea

Red Sea

PART E: Although Lubchenco mentions data from scientific studies in support of marine reserves, Leech uses anecdotal examples to suggest that marine reserves are not the answer for preventing overfishing. What types of scientific documentation would support Leech's essay? a) Research comparing fish abundance in protected reserves with fish abundance in similar areas that have quotas and trip limits b) Research focused on the influence of commercial fishing lobbyists on management regulations c) Data about fish abundance over time in areas with closed seasons d) Studies comparing the use of size limits versus gear restrictions on fish size

Research comparing fish abundance in protected reserves with fish abundance in similar areas that have quotas and trip limits

PART C: Although the authors might disagree on the best strategy for fisheries protection, what strategy would both authors agree on as a tool to prevent overfishing? Widely dispersed large-sized reserves Networks of reserves Reserves that allow some kinds of fishing Traditional fishery management tools only

Reserves that allow some kinds of fishing

Solutions to Fresh Water Needs

SUPPLY-SIDE: -a nation invading a neighboring country to access their rivers -damming a river to create a reservoir -desalinating seawater DEMAND-DISE: -requiring low-flow shower heads in all new homes -providing tax breaks for companies that use less water -raising water prices for consumers and businesses -replacing inefficient irrigation with more-efficient drip irrigation to grow crops

PART A: Which of the following groups is least likely to support the use of offshore oil rigs as artificial reefs? Sierra Club California Artificial Reef Enhancement Program Blue Latitudes Nature Conservancy

Sierra Club

PART D: Lubchenco discusses one benefit of marine reserves that is particularly important for maintaining healthy fish populations. Which of the following traditional fisheries management tools discussed by Leech would be another approach for reaching the same outcome? Trip limits Size limits Bag limits Gear restrictions

Size limits

PART A: Located in the southern part of the Great Rift Valley, Lake _____ is the world's longest freshwater lake and has been a showcase of cichlid evolution. Many of the endemic fish have made their way into the aquarium trade. Nyasa Chad Victoria Tanganyika Tana

Tanganyika

PART E: If rigs-to-reefs gains popularity in California, which of the following will most likely be true?

The artificial reefs will be good for fishing but not for diving. or The artificial reefs will not be good for diving or for fishing.

Which of the following will contribute to water conservation? a) Using aerial sprays for crop irrigation b) Washing dishes by hand c) Watering lawns at night, using low-flow faucets, landscaping with native plants d) Watering lawns during peak sunlight hours, when plants need water most e) Planting non-native wetland plants for landscaping

Watering lawns at night, using low-flow faucets, landscaping with native plants

Oceans have absorbed approximately one-third of the excess carbon dioxide that humans have added to Earth's atmosphere so far. This has slowed the progression of global climate change, but it has led to ________. loss of oxygen from the oceans an increase in the pH of the world's oceans increases in growth of coral reefs a decrease in the pH (ocean acidification) growth of oyster populations worldwide

a decrease in the pH (ocean acidification)

All of the following are examples of point sources of pollution except ________. a large farm a sewer pipe a factory discharging wastes into a lake through a large outlet a car repair shop dumping waste oil into the storm drain an overturned tanker truck that spills into a creek

a large farm

What is the direct cause of death for aquatic animals during eutrophication? toxic secretions by bacteria a loss of dissolved oxygen in the water use of all available CO2 by the growing algae drainage of their habitat

a loss of dissolved oxygen in the water

PART A... What is the main reason that the oceans are becoming more acidic? absorption by the oceans of carbon dioxide generated by burning fossil fuels the dumping of garbage and sewage into the oceans fertilizer runoff in major rivers flowing into the oceans large crude oil spills in the oceans

absorption by the oceans of carbon dioxide generated by burning fossil fuels

The rapid melting of Greenland's ice cap could disrupt the NADW formation by ________. adding excess nutrients to cold northern waters reversing the El Niño-La Niña cycle adding huge amounts of less dense fresh water to the surface of the system adding heat and salt to deep ocean waters acidifying ocean water

adding huge amounts of less dense fresh water to the surface of the system

Humans allocate approximately 70% of their annual freshwater use for ________. mining and industrial processes electrical production drinking and cooking washing and home use agricultural irrigation and providing water for livestock

agricultural irrigation and providing water for livestock

What is the most cost-effective solution for groundwater depletion and land-level subsidence? increasing use of desalinization measures allowing no more water to be withdrawn from an aquifer than is naturally recharged building more water treatment facilities dam removal

allowing no more water to be withdrawn from an aquifer than is naturally recharged

PART C: In which one of the following locations is the ocean current flowing from the north toward the equator? east coast of Japan east coast of the United States west coast of the United States west coast of southern Africa

west coast of the United States

Dam removal in this country ________. a) is controversial because dams provide such good habitats for native species b) will probably continue because the environmental impacts of dams are reviewed periodically c) will probably increase rapidly as we move to a more fossil-fuel-dependent society d) provides many new jobs and opportunities and so is economically beneficial e) will assist with our transition to more natural forms of renewable energy

will probably continue because the environmental impacts of dams are reviewed periodically

Many present-day fisheries managers ________. want all laws regarding fishing to be abolished favor protection of commercially valuable species and not others favor taxes on commercial fishing boats wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference favor short-term solutions to marine ecosystem problems

wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference

Causes and Consequences: Marine Pollution

CAUSES: -plastic debris, discarded nets, and other trash -oil spills form non-point and point sources -nutrient pollution from agricultural runoff CONSEQUENCES: -animals become entangles and die -birds and fish become coated with oil and die -formation of dead zones SOLUTIONS: -prevention of dumping and littering; pickup trash from benches -tightening of safety regulations for oil and drilling and transport -reduction of fertilizer use in agriculture

Causes and Consequences: Fresh Water Depletion

CAUSES: -population growth -groundwater pumping for agriculture -domestic water use for homes and landscaping CONSEQUENCES: -water shortages -salinization -altered plant communities SOLUTIONS: -development of water conservation policies -deployment of more efficient irrigation approaches -improvement of wastewater treatment technology

PART B: If offshore oil rigs are used as artificial reefs in California, which of the following is most likely? Native vertebrate species will have to be introduced by humans to colonize the rigs. All native species will have to be introduced by humans to colonize the rigs. Native invertebrate species will have to be introduced by humans to colonize the rigs. The rigs will be colonized naturally.

The rigs will be colonized naturally.

PART E: The coral reefs of the Red Sea do not suffer coral bleaching like their counterparts elsewhere. Which of the following is the most likely reason why? They are more tolerant to coastal pollution. They tolerate a higher amount of precipitation. They tolerate a higher range of temperature and salinity. They are able to withstand ocean currents better. All of the listed responses are correct.

They tolerate a higher range of temperature and salinity.

PART C: Which of the following is the biggest reason oil companies approve of using offshore oil rigs as artificial reefs? To prevent environmental organizations from suing them. To increase fish populations. To save money. To obtain more oil when the rig is shut down.

To save money.