Chapter 12 psych

Which of the following types of faces might we perceive as attractive?

- A composite image of 30 normal faces averaged together - A symmetrical face - A composite image of 10 attractive faces averaged together - The face of a biracial person

Match the terms about attitudes with their examples

- Cognitive Dissonance: Parveen knows that soda is bad for her, so she makes up a reason to justify buying it. - Implicit Attitude: Donald unthinkingly assumes his younger brother will agree with a plan of his. - Explicit Attitude: Erika tells a friend that she likes Indonesian food.

Match the terms with their definitions

- Conformity: Altering one's behaviors to match the behaviors or expectations of others - Obedience: Following the others of a person in authority - Compliance: Agreeing to do things requested by others

Match the causes of bystander apathy with their corresponding examples

- Diffusion of Responsibility: A blind woman needs help crossing a busy street in a crowded plaza, but the passers-by all think someone else will help her. - Anonymity: Sitting in his car in traffic, Jasper sees two people fighting on a bridge, but no one can see him, so he does not feel the need to help. - Fear of Making a Social Blunder: Shelby sees a man lying on the sidewalk in a big city, but she doesn't help because she cannot determine whether the man is sleeping, drunk, or injured. - Weighing the Risks and Benefits of Helping: Misha decides not to intervene in a bar fight between two large men for fear of getting hurt.

Match the terms about attribution with their corresponding examples

- Fundamental Attribution Error: John believes the person who cut him off on the highway was inconsiderate and selfish - Situational Attribution: Jan cut a person off on the highway but told herself it was justified before she was late to work - Actor/Observer Discrepancy: Wally believed the person who cut him off on the highway was inconsiderate and selfish, but he would cut someone off if he was in a hurry

Match each term with the situation that illustrates it

- Ingroup: Jerome prefers hanging out with the rest of his debate team to begin with other friends - Transitivity: Michael greets Tom with the words "Any friend of Sonny's is a friend of mine." - Outgroup: Lily, a self-described science nerd, assumes that all the athletes in her chemistry class hate the teacher for being so tough - Reciprocity: Milo gives Ophelia a glowing letter of reference, thinking he will probably need her to do the same for him someday

Match the terms with their corresponding examples

- Low-Balling: After a man decides to buy a plane ticket for $300, he finds that the final amount including taxes and fees is $365, but he still goes ahead with the purchase. - Door in the face: Jan refused to buy a $20 package of wrapping paper from the student fund-raiser, but then agreed to buy a $5 bar of chocolate. - Foot in the door: A person signed a petition for her town to build a youth center. The next week, the same person agreed to help raise funds for the building.

After a hurricane breaks all store windows on Main Street, under which of the following circumstances is Mark likely to start looting due to deindividuation?

- Mark is emotionally aroused by the devastation of the storm. - The town is large and Mark doesn't know many people there. - Mark sees other people already in stores looting goods.

Match the terms about relationships with their definition

- Passionate Love: A state of intense longing and sexual desire - Companinoate Love: A strong commitment to care for and support a partner - Insecure Attachment: Difficult to trust and depend on others - Secure Attachment: Easy to get close to others without the fear of fear being abandoned

Identify the accurate statements about how people from Eastern and Western cultures differ when making attributions about people

- People from Eastern cultures are more likely to believe behavior is the result of both personal and situational factors - People from Eastern cultures rely on a broader range of information when making attributions - People from Western cultures rely more on personal factors that situational factors when making attributions

Match the causes of cognitive dissonance with their examples

- Postdecisional Dissonance: Adrienne decides to go on vacation to Cambodia rather than Thailand, and once she arrives in Cambodia she thinks about how much better it is than Thailand. - Insufficient Justification: Lastri does a small favor for her neighbor, whom she doesn't know very well, and justifies it by telling herself that she likes her neighbor. - Justification of Effort: Efram decides to drive an hour away to go to a restaurant, and once he gets there he thinks the food is much better than at restaurants closer to home.

Match the terms with their defintions

- Prejudice: Negative feelings toward a person based on a group membership - Discrimination: Unfair treatment of a person based on their group membership - Stereotype: Mental shortcut for categorizing people

Parental Investment Theory - For humans, whose investment in having a baby greater, strictly in terms of biology?

Females

When someone employs a stereotype, he is judging a person in terms of their....

Group membership

"Like them better." "Give more rewards to them." "Believe they are more pleasant." All these describe...

In-Group Members

Match the types of conformity with their corresponding examples.

Normative Influence: - Though it would be easier to pick our noses, we use tissues instead. - Clarence traveled to India, where the tradition is to eat with your hands. Out of respect for the tradition, Clarence also ate with his hands while he was there. Informational Influence: - During lunchtime, Rolf noticed a long line of people at a food truck he had never seen before, and he joined the line. - Morena was a few minutes late to class, but when she got to the building where her class was held, she noticed all of the other students in her class leaving, so she turned around and left, too.

Decide which one matches with normative influence and informational influence

Normative Influence: - Thought it would be easier to pick our noses, we use tissues instead - Clarence traveled to India, where the tradition is to eat with your hands. Out of respect for the tradition, Clarence also ate with his hands while he was there Informative Influence: - During lunchtime, Rolf noticed a long line of people at a food truck he had never seen before, and he joined the line - Morena was a few minutes late to class, but when she got to the building where her class was held, she noticed all of the other students in her class leaving, so she turned around and left, too

In a series of studies by Solomon Asch (1951, 1956), when participants judged the lengths of lines alone rather than in a group of confederates, their judgments were accurate about 99 percent of the time. Still, when other participants made judgments in a group of people who gave the wrong answers, they reported incorrect judgments. These findings suggest that....

Normative social influence was at work

Social Psychology, researchers are studying how _____ affect people's behaviors and attitudes...

Other people and social contexts

Which of the following statements is NOT a reason that stereotypes tend to be maintained?

People have more stereotype-consistent experiences

______ refers to the apprehension among minority group members that they might confirm to existing cultural stereotypes

Stereotype threat

In the Milgram experiment, all but one of the following likely contributed to the high obedience levels...

The experimenter worked at a prestigious university (Yale)

Results from Milgram's study, in which participants were led to believe that they were being asked to shock another person at lethal levels, suggest that people

Will obey authority, even when perhaps they shouldn't

When it comes to how evolution has shaped mate preferences?

Women show a preferences for mates who have traits that correlate with abundant resources

Jolene treats members of her own sorority differently than she treats other people. Match the terms with the examples of Jolene's behavior

- Social Identity Theory: Jolene's membership in her sorority is a major source of pride, and she considers herself to be in the same social category as her sorority sisters. - Dehumanization: Jolene pretends she cannot hear the freshman computer science nerd when he asks her out; she considers him a member of a lower species. - Ingroup Favoritism: When one of her sorority sisters is struggling with math, Jolene offers to tutor her for free, though normally she charges for tutoring help. - Outgroup Homogeneity Effect: Jolene thinks that members of a rival sorority are all dumb blondes, but members of her own sorority have varied and unique personalities.

Match the terms with their defintions

- Social Norms: Expected standards of conduct - Information Influence: Going along with the crowd due to the belief that others have a good reason for their behavior - Normative Influence: Going along with the crowd to fit in and avoid looking silly

A group of movie executives is deciding on whether or not to produce an action movie. Which of the following factors would contribute to groupthink and therefore the decision to produce a movie that most of the executives think is terrible?

- The company is under pressure from investors to produce a hit - The executives are hoping for a quick meeting with little discussion

A group of campers is talking about sneaking into another cabin and covering everything with toilet paper, even though the majority of the campers are cautious by nature and think it's a bad idea. According to group polarization, which of the following are likely outcomes?

- The group will settle on whatever action it was initially leaning towards - They will all eventually decide that the mission is definitely too risky and abandon it

Which of the following can we expect from a couple who has been married for two years?

- Their relationship is based on social support, friendship, and intimacy - They will have sex about half as frequently as they did in their first year of marriage

Based on the bystander intervention effect, in which of the following situations are people likely to offer help?

- There are only two people in a parking lot and one of them is having trouble starting his car - A person on an isolated hiking trail falls and asks the next hiker who walked by to help him to his car - One person approaches another and asks for a dollar to buy a bus ticket home

Which of the following factors would make two people more likely to develop attraction and friendship?

- They come into contact frequently - They are both kind and trustworthy - They find each other physically attractive - They have similar attitudes and backgrounds - They look familiar to one another

What is the best way to have your genes survive and be present in the next generation?

To reproduce

Identify the following statements about our interest in people's faces and facial expressions as either true or false

True: - Politicians whose faces were rated as looking more competent win more often - Our facial expressions can unintentionally reveal our thoughts - By age 7, children can make judgement about a face's trustworthiness that match adults' judgments False: - Our habit of looking at other people's faces develops between the ages of 12 and 18 months

Identify the following statements about stereotypes as either true or false

True: - As cognitive processes, stereotypes are inherently neutral, though they can contain positive or negative information. - Stereotyping occurs automatically. False: - Illusory correlations help us question our stereotypes. - Using stereotypes involves carefully examining everyone we come into contact with. - When we encounter someone who does not fit with our stereotype, we change our beliefs about people in that group.

Identify the following statements about the evolutionary development of group membership as either true or false

True: - We are motivated to form groups because living in social groups helped our ancestors survive - Humans developed more cognitive resources to deal with the many challenges that come from living in large groups - Humans have the largest group size of all primates and also the largest prefrontal cortex False: - Human are unique in our pervasive tendency to form groups

Identify the following statements about prejudice as either true or false

True: - White study participants were more likely to misidentify tools as guns after seeing black faces - Our tendency to sort people into ingroup and outgroups may help explain why we hold prejudices and practice discrimination - An example of modern racism is the belief that admitting lots of Asians to top-tier schools is negatively affecting the study culture at those schools False: People who engage in modern racism may overtly say disparaging things about people of other races