Chapter 12: Social Interaction
Five Decision Points: Help or don't Help
1. Noticing 2.Defining an Emergency 3. Taking Responsibility 4.Planning a Course of Action 5. Taking Action
Scapegoat
A person or a group, typically from the out-group, who serves as a target for the frustrations and negative emotions of members of the in-group.
Stereotypes
A set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category or group
Frustration
Aggressive behavior which occurs when a person is prevented from reaching a desired goal
Prejudice
An unsupported and often negative stereotyped attitude about the members of a particular social group
Jigsaw Classroom
Each member of a group has their own information that is needed to solve the problem; a situation is created in which the entire group must depend on one another to meet their shared goal.
Equal Status Contact
Eg. Robber's Cave experiment: 11-12 year old boys were forced into Equal Status Contact to overcome a situation together with neither group holding power of the other.
Altruism
Helping someone in trouble with no expectation of reward and often without fear for one's own safety
Diffusion of Responsibility
Occurring when a person fails to take responsibility for the actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility
Realistic Conflict Theory Of Prejudice
Prejudice and discrimination will be increased between groups that are in conflict over a limited resource
Bystander Effect
Referring to the effect that the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help, with help becoming less likely as the number of bystanders increases - Kitty Genovese case
Stanford Prison Experiment
Showed the influences that social roles can have on people (guards vs prisoners)
Out-Group
Social groups with whom a person does not identify
Prosocial Behavior
Socially desirable behavior that benefits others
Social Comparison
The comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one's self-esteem
Stereotype Vulnerability
The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior.
Social Identity Theory
The formation of a person's identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison
Social Identity
The part of the self-concept including one's view of self as a member of a particular social category
Social Role
The pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
The tendency of one's expectations to affect one's behavior in such a way as to make the expectations moe likely to occur.
In-Group
Type of prejudice;social groups with whom a particular person identifies with
Social Cognitive Theory
Use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world... prejudice is seen as an attitude that is formed as other attitudes are formed, through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influences on learning.
Agression
When one person hurts or tires to destroy another person deliberately, either with words or physical behavior
Discrimination
When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than others in situations that call for equal treatment