Chapter 12 Social Studies Test

John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States from 1825 to 1829. He previously served as the eighth United States Secretary of State from 1817 to 1825.

Andrew Jackson

17th President of the United States who founded the Democratic Party and supported individual liberty.

Seminole Wars

Conflict that began in Florida in 1817 when the Seminoles resisted removal. Andrew Jackson initiated these wars, and crossed border into Florida to attack the Seminole tribe that was harboring runaway slaves.

What events in the 1840s that led to the weakening of the Whig party?

John Tyler (the new president) was not loyal to the Whigs so they expelled him. The Whigs were divided over the issue of slavery and fought amongst themselves. Eventually, they split.

John C. Calhoun

John Caldwell Calhoun was an American statesman from the Democratic party and political theorist from South Carolina who served as the seventh vice president of the United States from 1825 to 1832

Treaty of Echota

Signed by only 500 Cherokee Indians that agreed to give up all their land by 1838. The 17,000 Cherokee who were forced off their land argued that 500 did not represent their whole tribe.

Majority

greater than half of a total number of something

Indian Removal Act

law passed in 1830 in which the government paid many Native American nations to abandon their land and move west of the Mississippi River

Plurality

the largest number of something, but less than a majority

relocate

to move to another place

Veto

to reject

What events occurred when Andrew Jackson closed the National Bank?

A depression occured

nominating convention

A meeting in which representative members of a political party choose candidates to run for important elected offices

Whigs

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats. Whigs stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements. Led by Henry Clay.

Republicans

Believed people should have political power

Why did Native Americans resist settlement?

Black Seminoles didn't want to be forced back into slavery. The Native Americans didn't want to give up their land. The Seminoles resisted and fought back.

Why were Native Americans forced off their land and moved west?

Georgia thought that some of the Native American's land belonged to them. The Indian Removal Act allowed Americans to remove Native Americans from their land. The Indian Removal Act is when the government paid the Cherokee to move to the plains. There were 15,000 Cherokee forced to move west. Almost 1/3 (4,000) of them died on their way west.

Corrupt Bargain

Henry Clay helps John Quincy Adams win the presidency by discouraging the congressmen from voting for Andrew Jackson & Adams appoints Clay to Secretary of State. Jackson claims this was the reason why he lost the election of 1824.

Henry Clay

Henry Clay was apart of the Whig Party. He ran for president 5 times before his death. Henry Clay did not like Andrew Jackson. Daniel Webster and Henry Clay tried to make Jackson lose the 1832 election by trying to have Jackson lose supporters. They thought that if Jackson vetoed a bill to renew the bank's charter, then he would lose supporters. so that Henry Clay would become president. But instead of gaining supporters for Clay's election, their plan backfired.

Jackson and the Bank

Jackson vetoed the bill to renew the bank's charter. He gained votes and was re-elected as president. After he was re-elected, he decided to "kill" the bank even before its current charter ended. He ordered all government deposits to be withdrawn from the bank and placed into smaller banks. In 1836, Jackson refused to sign a new charter for the bank, causing it to close. A depression is then created. (a bad economic crisis)

How did a fight over a tariff turn into a debate between state and federal government rights?

Northeastern factory owners liked tariffs because they encouraged Americans to buy American made goods. Factory owners would then get more money. Southerners disliked the tariff because they made money selling their cotton to Europe. They feared that taxing European goods might hurt this trade because Europe might not buy from them anymore. The North and the South fought over the tariffs. The southern states had a right to nullify, but President Jackson disagreed. Both of the North and the South are fighting about tariffs, and Andrew Jackson and his vice-president argued about the states rights.

Democrats

Political party lead by Andrew Jackson from 1828 to 1856. Campaigned against strong central government and fought to end elitism.

Spoils System

Practice of handing out government jobs to supporters; replacing government employees with the winning candidate's supporters

Martin Van Buren

President during the trail of tears. President right after Andrew Jackson. Andrew Jackson's pick as president. The depression happened under his presidency.

Presidential Election of 1824

The 1824 presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives. John Quincy Adams defeated Andrew Jackson in 1824 by garnering more electoral votes through the House of Representatives, even though Jackson originally received more popular and electoral votes. ... But John Quincy Adams became president.

Presidential Election of 1828

The 1828 presidential election featured a re-match of the 1824 election, as President John Quincy Adams of the National Republican Party faced Andrew Jackson of the Democratic Party.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Worcester v. Georgia

The Cherokee sued Georgia and won the case. Chief Justice John Marshall said that Georgia had no right to interfere with the Cherokee. The Supreme Court said they couldn't take their land. Andrew Jackson acted more like a dictator rather than a president. After the Supreme Court said the Cherokee's land could not be taken, President Jackson did not enforce the law.

McCulloch v. Maryland

The Supreme Court ruled that the bank was constitutional. Andrew Jackson said that it was unconstitutional.

What new ways of campaigning appeared during the election of 1824 and 1828?

They started using slogans. Both parties resorted to mudslinging. The candidates also started handing out buttons and organizing rallies.

How did Andrew Jackson make the American political system more democratic?

White sharecroppers, factory workers, and other common white people could now participate in voting and the political process. He introduced the spoils system (fired his workers and replaced them with supporters.) He also introduced nominating conventions.

Whig Presidents

William Harrison - shortest president in that time (30 days) John Tyler - gets expelled from Whig Treaty Zachary Taylor - slave owner, does nothing

favorite son

a candidate for national office who has support mostly from his home state

Mudslinging

a method in election campaigns that uses gossip and lies to make an opponent look bad

Bureaucracy

a system of government in which specialized tasks are carried out by appointed officials rather than by elected ones