Chapter 12 Study Guide White Collar Crime
Which of the following best represents the definition of public criminology?
Calls for criminologists to focus on public policy concerns
Which element of deterrence is apparently the most important in terms of effectiveness?
Certainty
Which of the following sanctions is characterized as having a mixture of positive and negative elements?
Community service
The use of fines in response to corporate crime has been especially favored by which of the following?
Conservatives
According to Braithwaite, which of the following is not an advantage of enforced self-regulation?
Corporations could be hindered from preempting and severely limiting meaningful regulation
Attempts to encourage whistleblowers to come forward by offering rewards through the False Claims Act have not proved effective.
False
Because of their concern over liability, corporations are highly likely to impose occupational disqualification on corporate executives who commit occupation- related offenses.
False
By definition, negative sanctions may only be applied through criminal law, rather than through civil or administrative law.
False
Campaign-financing reforms of the recent era have eliminated the problem of corrupt public officials for all practical purposes.
False
Community service or restitution are exclusively negative sanctions.
False
Conservative critics tend to claim that the failure of the government to take strong action and adopt new laws in response to such problems as the savings and loan failures causes a great deal of harm.
False
Corporate codes of ethics mainly stress the moral responsibilities of corporations to citizens, consumers, and employees.
False
Corporate ethics programs are generally directed toward the collective conscience of the corporation.
False
Enforced self-regulation is a form of regulation that depends entirely on the corporation's voluntary assumption of responsibility for its own conduct.
False
Fines have been a fairly rare form of negative sanction applied in corporate crime cases.
False
In instances of general deterrence, punished offenders are dissuaded from committing further offenses after they have had legal sanctions imposed upon them.
False
It has been clearly demonstrated that the adoption of measures reforming corporations eliminates pressures and opportunities to commit illegalities.
False
One of the principal benefits of imposing fines in white collar crime cases is that they are cost-efficient and easy to collect in full.
False
The "graying" of the American population is likely to lead to a reduction in white collar crime in the U.S.
False
The broader application to the criminal law to such matters as worker safety, toxic dumping, and environmental pollution is uniformly regarded as a positive development.
False
The challenges of ensuring that corporations are complying with the conditions of their probation are minimal.
False
The educational and job-training dimensions of rehabilitation are seen as especially applicable to white collar offenders.
False
The notion of probation for organizations predates the idea of probation for individuals.
False
The text suggests that moral outrage in response to white collar crime is neither necessary nor justifiable.
False
Which of the following is not a positive sanction?
Fines
Which of the following does not apply to the corporate social responsibility movement?
Has been shown to be extremely effective after systematic evaluation over many years
Which of the following is not an argument that has been made in favor of incarcerating white collar offenders?
Incarceration is essential for rehabilitation
A global justice movement has been a major force in challenging a world dominated by transnational corporations.
True
According to the text, any rehabilitation of white collar offenders is likely to take place outside of correctional institutions.
True
According to the text, the contextual forces within a business or organization are likely to have a more powerful impact than exposure to one or more business ethics courses.
True
According to the text, without specific incentives in place to reward ethical conduct, codes calling for such conduct are unlikely to have any positive effects.
True
Although they are generally antagonistic towards the capitalist state, progressive criminologists may call for stronger state action against corporate crime.
True
Any theory of deterrence adopts, in some form, the classical criminological model of human beings as rational creatures.
True
By the late 1980s, the vast majority of American business schools were offering some form of business ethics study.
True
Community service sentences offer communities direct positive benefits without significant costs.
True
Compared to conventional offenders, relatively few white collar criminals have been sent to prison.
True
Contemporary deterrence research suggests that the subjective perception of being sanctioned is more important than the actual probability of it.
True
Ethical problems are one of three ways in which businesses get themselves into serious trouble.
True
Historically, corporations have often found it less costly to face civil lawsuits than to limit profits by fully complying with the law or correcting hazards.
True
If one accepts the proposition that corporations are more rational than individuals, it should generally follow that corporations can be more easily deterred than individuals.
True
In one view, white collar crime principally reflects the overreach of the regulatory state.
True
John Braithwaite's re-introduction of "shaming" as an appropriate element in responding to white collar crime is based on the view that punishment is likely to fail if it is "uncoupled" from its moral roots.
True
Probation has typically been regarded as more appropriate for individual white collar offenders than for conventional offenders.
True
Research on the effectiveness of moral appeals in promoting taxpayer compliance has produced somewhat contradictory findings.
True
Some evidence suggests that positive sanctions can help increase compliance.
True
The U.S. government has repeatedly awarded lucrative contracts to corporations that have been found guilty of some form of criminal conduct, including defrauding the government.
True
The effectiveness of a reintegrative shaming strategy tends to presuppose a rather high level of consensus on the perceived shamefulness of white collar crime.
True
The media and political attention given to the corporate scandals and Wall Street financial crisis of the early 2000s has been shown with some evidence to have transformed public opinion about upper-world offenders.
True
The new federal sentencing guidelines basically called for significantly higher fines for white collar crime than those traditionally imposed.
True
The original purpose of organizational probation was to insure that the corporation in question remained in compliance with the laws and followed through on orders to pay fines and restitution.
True
The use of civil procedures allows prosecutors to avoid meeting the stringent standards of the criminal law for establishing proof and culpability.
True
White collar crime is typically viewed as a highly instrumental crime.
True
White collar offenders are generally regarded as well-positioned to make restitution to victims.
True
Responses to white collar crime which appeal to reason or offer practical inducements are which of the following?
Utilitarian
Which of the following statements about the use of the criminal law to respond to white collar crime is true?
It has been criticized by some as either inappropriate or ineffective
The text suggests that the responses to white collar crime are likely to be more effective if they are:
driven by an appropriate mix of moral and practical considerations
Fines which call for convicted corporations to issue special shares which are placed with a state victim compensation board, which in turn can liquidate them when they can realize a maximum return, are called:
equity fines
Probation is a penal option which:
has traditionally been applied to individuals, but has more recently been applied to organizations
White collar crime is typically viewed as an __________ crime, and accordingly ________ deterrent-prone than conventional crime.
instrumental or rational; more
A "just deserts" approach to white collar crime:
is traditionally associated with retribution, and conveys social condemnation
The text suggests that the most enduring and effective solution to white collar crime is likely to be which of the following?
structural, normative, and preventive
With regard to the deterrence of crimes of corporations:
there are some fundamental interpretive disagreements on whether corporations can be easily deterred
In the second half of the 20th century, class action lawsuits:
were permitted in certain cases and have become a significant device for responding to some white collar crimes
According to Christine Parker in the text, support for compliance programs is influenced by:
whether or not the corporation thinks the relevant laws are morally justified and widely supported
Which of the following is the single most common element of corporate ethics programs?
A code of ethics
According to the text, the most serious challenge to state-corporate crime may ultimately require which of the following?
A transformation of the political economy
According to the text, a substantial response to major state crime would ideally involve which of the following?
Effective international tribunals
Which answer best describes the "social license" approach to corporate crime?
Pressures companies into going beyond compliance by engaging in socially desirable actions
Occupational disqualification is likely to have especially devastating consequences for which of the following groups?
Professionals
Which of the following is a basic rationale for prosecuting and punishing corporations, rather than individual executives?
Prosecutors can often secure cooperation more effectively when they have the option of prosecuting both the organization and individual executives
Which of the following would represent the least formal response to white collar crime?
Public opinion and popular shaming
Which of the following penal objectives is not fulfilled by occupational disqualification?
Rehabilitation
John Braithwaite has argued that shaming can be an effective general response to crime if it is which of the following?
Reintegrative
Which group of countries has been especially proactive in addressing white collar crime?
Scandinavian
Which of the following special concerns has been voiced about imposing community service sentences?
The convicted offender can transform it into a public relations coup
Which of the following is not an argument that has been made against incarcerating white collar offenders?
The harm committed by white collar offenders is much less than that of conventional offenders
Which of the following is true of business ethics courses, and business ethics within the business world?
They appear to have had limited positive as well as negative effects, but often do not affect business conduct in a fundamental way
Which of the following arguments has not been made in favor of moral appeals to promote taxpayer compliance?
They are demonstrably more effective in all cases
According to the text, which of the following is true of reforms such as new laws, different sanctions, and innovative educational programs, meant to reduce white collar crime?
They are likely to have only limited effect
Which of the following is not an advantage of positive sanctions?
They are likely to promote trust within an organization
Which of the following has not been cited as a concern using fines as a penal measure for white collar crime?
They are not likely to be cost-efficient for the justice system