Chapter 12 - The Central Nervous System

How many major regions are contained within the diencephalon?

3

How many regions make up the brain stem?

3 The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

The meninges consist of ___ layers.

3 The dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater make up the 3 layers of the meninges.

Identify the passageway found in the spinal cord that is continuous with the ventricles.

Central canal

Where is the arbor vitae located?

Cerebellum

Which passageway connects the third and fourth ventricles?

Cerebral aqueduct

Which region of the brain contains gyri and sulci?

Cerebrum

Which region of the brain is necessary for consciousness?

Cerebrum

What structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

Corpus callosum

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Damage to the primary (somatic) motor cortex results in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and all reflexive contractions.

Which of the following regions cannot be observed superficially?

Diencephalon

Which of the following is the outer layer of the meninges?

Dura mater

Which region of the diencephalon contains the pineal body?

Epithalamus

The brain is a solid organ that lacks cavities. True or False

False

The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the interventricular foramen. True or False

False

The cerebellum is present on the ventral surface of the sheep brain. True or False

False

The pineal body secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH). True or False

False

Which ventricle is located within the brain stem?

Fourth ventricle

Motor speech (Broca's) area.

Frontal lobe

Premotor cortex.

Frontal lobe

Primary (somatic) motor cortex.

Frontal lobe

Seat of intelligence, abstract reasoning.

Frontal lobe

What type of tissue makes up the cerebral cortex?

Gray matter

Which part of the diencephalon is connected to the pituitary gland?

Hypothalamus

Which of the following structures attach the pituitary gland to the brain?

Infundibulum

Gustatory (taste) area

Insula

Which of the following ventricles is found under the corpus callosum?

Lateral ventricles

Which ventricles are divided by the septum pellucidum?

Lateral ventricles

Which of the following landmarks divides the cerebrum in half?

Longitudinal fissure

Which area of the brain stem is in contact with the spinal cord?

Medulla oblongata

Name the membranous encasement surrounding the brain.

Meninges

Which region contains the corpora quadrigemina?

Midbrain

Visual area

Occipital lobe

Which of the following areas takes visual information from one side of the body and conveys it to the opposite side?

Optic chiasm

Primary somatosensory cortex

Parietal lobe

__________ is a progressive degenerative disease of the basal nuclei that affects the dopamine-secreting pathways.

Parkinson's disease

Which of the following glands can be observed on the ventral surface of the sheep brain?

Pituitary gland

Which of the following is the best description of the function of region B?

Region B includes neurons whose axons carry motor commands from the cerebrum.

What part of the corpora quadrigemina is clearly observed in a midsagittal section?

Superior colliculus

Auditory area

Temporal lobe

Which of the following areas form the central core of the brain?

Thalamus

Which region acts as a relay center for sensory messages ascending to the cerebrum?

Thalamus

Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain?

The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass.

Which of the following generalizations does NOT describe the cerebral cortex?

The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.

What is the function of white matter?

Transmits messages

Which of the following landmarks separate the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

Transverse fissure

All three regions of the brain stem can be observed on the ventral surface of the brain. True or False

True

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ventricles. True or False

True

Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain. True or False

True

In general, a primary sensory cortex breaks down sensory input into component parts, while an association cortex makes sense of sensory inputs. True or False

True

The brain and spinal cord begin as an embryonic structure called the neural plate. True or False

True

The composition of gray matter includes neuron cell bodies. True or False

True

The diencephalon is found in between the brain stem and the cerebrum. True or False

True

The foramen magnum marks the border between the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. True or False

True

The inferior colliculi are part of the corpora quadrigemina. True or False

True

The term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language. True or False

True

The ventricles are all interconnected. True or False

True

White matter has a fatty consistency. True or False

True

After Joe has a stroke, his doctor asks Joe to touch his right pointer finger to his chin, but Joe is unable to move his right hand. However, when the doctor stimulates Joe's pointer finger with a painful stimulus, Joe's muscles quickly move his hand away from the stimulus. The doctor concludes that ______.

based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions

What groove separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

central sulcus

What is the groove indicated by C?

central sulcus

The arbor vitae refers to ________.

cerebellar white matter

Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" that controls conscious brain activity?

cerebral cortex

White matter is found in all of the following locations EXCEPT the ________.

cerebral cortex

What CNS-associated structure is illustrated in this figure?

choroid plexus

The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________.

corpus callosum

The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

diencephalon

What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain?

ependymal cells

Which type of glial cells are shown in this figure?

ependymal cells

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum?

executive suite

Which of these would you NOT find in the cerebral cortex?

fiber tracts

At age 79, Mrs. X is diagnosed with a disorder that severely impairs her logical judgment. Medical imaging techniques show that this has been most likely caused by brain damage in a ______.

frontal lobe

Which of the following is NOT a correctly matched pair?

gray matter: myelinated axons

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.

gyri

An elevated ridge of the cortex is called a ________.

gyrus

The neural fibers connecting structure A to the cerebral cortex can best be described by which of the following?

interneurons

Broca's area ________.

is considered a motor speech area

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.

lateral sulcus

Which of the following is correctly matched?

limbic association area: sense of danger

Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT ________.

loss of fine motor control

The brain stem consists of the ________.

midbrain, medulla, and pons

Identify cranial nerve I.

olfactory nerve

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ________.

parietal lobe

During meningitis, which of the following layers is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain?

pia mater

Which of the following regions of the brain stem carries one-way communications that advise the cerebellum of voluntary motor activities initiated by the motor cortex?

pons

Region A represents which of the following?

prefrontal cortex

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.

premotor cortex

What cortical region is represented by the area at D?

primary visual cortex

For our motor commands to travel toward our muscles, the signals must travel on __________.

projection fibers

Which type of white matter fiber tract connects the cerebrum to lower centers, like the spinal cord?

projection fibers

The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________.

pyramids

Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)?

red nuclei

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.

reticular formation

If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.

spinal cord may be affected

Which of the following is NOT a diencephalon component?

superior colliculus

Which of the following hypothalamic control centers would you predict is the LEAST important for survival?

suprachiasmatic nucleus

The lateral sulcus separates which lobes?

temporal from parietal

The letter A in the figure indicates which of the following structures?

thalamus

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensing a full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.

visceral sensory area