Chapter 12

Dyadic reciprocity within the speed dating context means ____________. "I like everyone here and you don't like me." "I like you more than anyone else here and you like me more than anyone else here." "I don't like anyone here but you like me." "I like you more than anyone else here but you don't like me."

"I like you more than anyone else here and you like me more than anyone else here."

Which of the following scenarios is a perfect example of cognitive dissonance? A person smokes just to spite his/her friends and family A person has no interest in smoking, knows it's unhealthy, and tries to convince others to stop smoking A person knows that smoking is unhealthy but he/she smokes anyway A person smokes but does not realize that smoking is unhealthy

A person knows that smoking is unhealthy but he/she smokes anyway

Door-in-the-face technique

asking for a large commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment

Foot-in-the-door technique

asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment

Aggression

behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person

The _____________ effect is a social psychology term that refers to the fact that we are less likely to help someone in an emergency situation if there are more people around. outsider bystander insider byline

bystander

The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions. a) genetic traits b) experiences c) examples d) feelings

feelings

Impression formation

forming of the first knowledge a person has about another person

Stereotypes are _______________. the result of prejudice not common in the western culture generalizations based on superficial characteristics generalizations based on facts

generalizations based on superficial characteristics

Lowball technique

getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment

People who take a scientific approach to understanding relationships _____________. are called "emotionists" are not going to find logical answers to their research questions have the potential to reduce the amount of loneliness in the world are usually divorced or separated

have the potential to reduce the amount of loneliness in the world

Stereotypes can be useful, in that they _______________. give us a quick, accurate depiction of a group of people Result in less social strife and conflict Provide us with the correct way to treat other people help us categorize and make sense of our complex social world

help us categorize and make sense of our complex social world

Consummate love

ideal love, in which all three components are present

People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique: in Australia. if they are male. in individualist cultures. in collectivist cultures.

in collectivist cultures.

The "jigsaw classroom": is the tendency for a student's expectations to affect his or her behavior in such a way as to make these expectations more likely to occur. was the strategy used by Jane Elliot in her second grade classroom. occurs when there is sharp tension between in-groups and out-groups in a classroom. is a technique that gives each individual only part of the information needed to solve a problem, so they must work with others to find the solution.

is a technique that gives each individual only part of the information needed to solve a problem, so they must work with others to find the solution.

Social loafing can be explained by the fact that: a) individualist cultures are lazier. b) it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. c) lazy people generally do not care how they are evaluated. d) lazy people are essentially predatory.

it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people.

Research generally supports the idea that we tend to _______________. like people who are the opposite of us like people who are exactly like us like people who like us like people who don't like us

like people who like us

Interpersonal attraction

liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person - people like people who are similar to themselves OR who are different from themselves (complementary) - reciprocity of liking: tendency of people to like other people who like them in return

social psychology

looks at behavior and mental processes but also includes the social world in which we exist, as we are surrounded by others to whom we are connected and by whom we are influenced in so many ways

Group polarization

members involved in a group discussion tend to take somewhat more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions when than do individuals who have not participated in a group discussion

Schemas:

mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people - schemas can become stereotypes

Prejudice

negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group

Social impairment

negative influence of others on performance

Oscar wants to feel accepted by his classmates, so when they all decide to skip school to have a party, he conforms by joining in. Oscar's need to conform is the result of ________. a) informational social influence b) compliance c) groupthink d) normative social influence

normative social influence

The "Robber's Cave" study showed that: prejudice cannot be undone. prejudice is inborn. it is difficult to get boys to work cooperatively. prejudice can be created by separation.

prejudice can be created by separation.

A ____________ is an attitude toward people from another group, while __________ associate traits with a person or a group. stereotype; prejudices prejudice; stereotypes viewpoint; stereotypes perspective; prejudices

prejudice; stereotypes

Altruism

prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself

Konrad Lorenz

saw aggression as an instinct for fighting to promote the survival of our species -Biological influences on aggression may include genetics, the amygdala and limbic system, and testosterone and serotonin levels

Cognitive dissonance

sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to that person's impression - lessened by changing the conflicting behavior, changing the conflicting attitude, or forming a new attitude to justify the behavior

Implicit personality theory:

sets of assumptions about how different types of people, personality traits, and actions are related to each other

If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the: a) cost, source, and message. b) timing, message, and target audience. c) source, message, and target audience. d) polls, natural resources, and message.

source, message, and target audience

Carl knows that his boss, Judy, has a stereotyped opinion of him because of his race. The effect on Carl of this knowledge is: prejudice. self-fulfilling prophecy. social comparison. stereotype vulnerability.

stereotype vulnerability.

Scapegoating

tendency to direct prejudice and discrimination at out-group members who have little social power or influence

Social categorization

the assignment of a person one has just met to a category based on characteristics the new person has in common with other people with whom one has had experience in the past

social comparison

the comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one's self-esteem

Cognitive dissonance is most painful when ______________. we have a physiological connection to the behavior we agree with the negative message and try to change our behavior the dissonant information conflicts with something that is very important to our self identity criticism comes from our parents

the dissonant information conflicts with something that is very important to our self identity

Stereotype vulnerability:

the effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior

Social identity theory

the formation of a person's identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison

Social identity

the part of the self-concept including one's view of self as a member of a particular social category

Persuasion

the process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation - key elements in persuasion are the source of the message, the message itself, the target audience, and the medium

Attribution

the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others

Social influence

the process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual

Social neuroscience

the study of how biological processes influence social behavior - studies use fMRI and other imaging techniques to discover areas of the brain involved in social actions

Self-fulfilling prophecy

the tendency of one's expectations to affect one's behavior in such a way as to make the expectation more likely to occur

Fundamental attribution error (actorobserver bias)

the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in determining behavior while underestimating situational factors

Attribution theory

the theory of how people make attributions

Cognitive dissonance is defined as ____________. the inability to remember what is right and what is wrong The conflict that occurs when our opinion clashes with the opinions of others Confusion in understanding our own thoughts and feelings the uncomfortable feeling we get when our actions conflict with our thoughts

the uncomfortable feeling we get when our actions conflict with our thoughts

primacy effect

the very first impression one has about a person tends to persist even in the face of evidence to the contrary

In the Latane and Darley smoke-filled room study, participants were most likely to report the smoke when: a) there were four or more participants. b) the smoke became too thick to see through. c) the smoke became overwhelming. d) they were the only ones in the room.

they were the only ones in the room.

Discrimination

treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong

Social cognitive theory

views prejudice as an attitude acquired through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influences

Vicarious conditioning

watching the actions and reactions of others to ideas, people, objects, and situations

How long was one conversation during the speed dating sessions? 6 minutes 4 minutes 1 minute 10 minutes

4 minutes

Which of the following statements concerning cognitive dissonance is true? a) Cognitive dissonance has been debunked as a scientific theory. b) It only happens to intelligent individuals. c) Cognitive dissonance is only found in adolescents and adults. d) Cognitive dissonance can occur in monkeys and even pre-school age children.

Cognitive dissonance can occur in monkeys and even pre-school age children.

The first step that determines whether someone will get involved and offer assistance in an emergency situation is _____________. Do they notice what is happening? Do they assume personal responsibility? Do they interpret the situation as an emergency? Do they know how to help?

Do they notice what is happening?

_____________ is when an individual's personal identity becomes completely equivalent to his or her social identity as a member of a certain group. Groupthink Identity confusion Group fusion Identity fusion

Identity fusion

________ is the tendency to take our cues for appropriate behavior from others when we are in an ambiguous situation. a) Group polarization b) Informational social influence c) Social facilitation d) Social comparison

Informational social influence

What was one thing Dr. Eastwick learned from his speed dating experiments? Women prefer status and wealth. Men like looks over intelligence. Men and women are similar in terms of what they are attracted to. Men and women have little in common.

Men and women are similar in terms of what they are attracted to.

_____ is the study of behavioral and mental processes in the context of the world in which we exist, as we are surrounded by others to whom we are connected and by whom we are influenced. a) Social psychology b) Sociology c) Social psychiatry d) Anthropology

Social psychology

Which of the following is an example of a stereotype that is not also considered a prejudice? African American males should not be promoted to management positions White males cannot be trusted. The elderly are wise. Women are not able to handle the role of president.

The elderly are wise.

According to psychologist William Crano, what is the most effective way to change an attitude? Understanding how different people respond to persuasion and communicating with them on that level Emphasizing how a change in attitude will make you a better person Using the power of guilt to make them change Having regular family therapy so that the family unit changes together

Understanding how different people respond to persuasion and communicating with them on that level

How do we typically relieve feelings of cognitive dissonance? We don't—we live with the uncomfortable feeling. We justify our actions. We become angry with others. We tell ourselves what we're doing is wrong, to reinforce the dissonance.

We justify our actions.

Most people associate the term cult with: a) Protestantism b) the various sects in a religion c) a group that helps outcasts d) a fringe group

a fringe group

Deindividuation

a lessening of one's sense of personal identity and personal responsibility - groups or crowds can offer a sense of anonymity

Diffusion of responsibility

a person fails to take responsibility for action or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility

Researchers found that reciprocity of liking doesn't work when: a) people who have complementary instead of similar levels of self-worth b) people don't live within a close proximity c) a person suffers from a feeling of low self-worth d) people have complementary instead of similar qualities

a person suffers from a feeling of low self-worth

love

a strong affection for another person due to kinship, personal ties, sexual attraction, admiration, or common interests • Sternberg's three components of love: 1. intimacy 2. passion 3. commitment

Attitude

a tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation -are often poor predictors of behavior unless the attitude is very specific or very strong • Three components of an attitude: 1. the affective (emotional) component 2. the behavioral component 3. the cognitive component

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

aggression is a reaction to frustration

Situational cause

cause of behavior attributed to external factors: - delays - the action of others - some other aspect of the situation

Dispositional cause

cause of behavior attributed to internal factors - personality - character

Compliance

changing one's behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change

Conformity

changing one's own behavior to match that of other people

Realistic conflict theory

conflict between groups increases prejudice and discrimination

In Asch's line experiment, participants: a) begged to stop participating in the experiment. b) conformed to the group answer slightly more than one third of the time. c) always stuck with their individual answer. d) conformed to the group answer consistently regardless of the number of confederates.

conformed to the group answer slightly more than one third of the time.

Companionate love

consists of intimacy and commitment

Romantic love

consists of intimacy and passion

In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in: a) companionate love. b) consummate love. c) fatuous love. d) romantic love.

consummate love

According to recent studies, Asian women who were reminded of their positive Asian stereotype of being good at math before they took a math test _____________. felt confident and euphoric after the test was completed did better on the math test than did women who were not reminded of this positive stereotype beforehand became emotional and even angry while taking the test, which negatively affected their scores did worse on the math test than did women who were not reminded of this positive stereotype beforehand

did better on the math test than did women who were not reminded of this positive stereotype beforehand

Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably a doctor or nurse in the crowd who who can provide better assistance. This is an example of: a) diffusion of responsibility. b) prosocial behavior. c) attribution. d) altruism.

diffusion of responsibility

The tendency for witnesses or bystanders to assume that someone else will intervene in a crime situation is called ______________. bystander intervention diffusion of responsibility diffusion of irresponsibility the Little Red Hen effect

diffusion of responsibility

Researchers examining Milgram's work have: a) not found any one trait or group of traits that will predict obedience in situations such as in Milgram's study. b) found that more sadistic people will obey in studies such as Milgram's. c) found that more timid people will obey in studies such as Milgram's. d) not fully studied what makes people obey.

not found any one trait or group of traits that will predict obedience in situations such as in Milgram's study.

Groupthink

occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned

Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because: a) it became obvious that the experiment was unsuccessful. b) of the extreme effect it was having on the participants. c) it was stopped by the university. d) the experimenters gathered all the information they needed by that time.

of the extreme effect it was having on the participants.

According to the video, the way we behave, decisions we make, and emotions we have are closely tied to _____________. our gender our physiology our social situations our intelligence

our social situations

In Sternberg's theory, _______ encompasses the physical aspects of love. a) passion b) sex c) intimacy d) commitment

passion

social loafing

people who are lazy tend not to do as well when other people are also working on the same task, but they can do quite well when working on their own easier to hide laziness when working in a group

Researchers Latané and Darley found that

people who were alone were more likely to help in an emergency than people who were with others - one bystander cannot diffuse responsibility

Social facilitation

positive influence of others on performance