Chapter 13

The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus, saliva, colostrum, and other body secretions is A. IgA. B. IgD. C. IgE. D. IgG. E. IgM.

A. IgA.

_____ is the most abundant class of antibodies in serum. A. IgG B. IgM C. IgA D. IgD E. IgE

A. IgG

Which of the following is a special binding substance that enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site? A. adjuvant B. booster C. antibodies to toxin D. gamma globulin E. "trojan horse" recombinant vaccine

A. adjuvant

Which of the following is not a target for TC cells? A. bacteria B. virus-infected cellsC. cancer cells D. human transplanted liver E. pig transplanted heart

A. bacteria

An example of natural active immunity would be A. chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity. B. chickenpox vaccine which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox. C. giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease. D. a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta. E. None of the choices is correct.

A. chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity.

All nucleated cells contain___. A. class I MHC B. class II MHC C. secretory antibodies D. IgE receptors E. IgM molecules

A. class I MHC

Destruction of lymphocytes with self specificity is called A. clonal deletion. B. proliferation. C. clonal selection. D. differentiation. E. hypersensitivity.

A. clonal deletion.

The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a(n) A. epitope. B. hapten. C. antigen binding site. D. variable region. E. None of the choices is correct.

A. epitope.

Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule thereby disrupting their activity? A. neutralization B. opsonization C. complement fixation D. agglutination E. anamnestic response

A. neutralization

During which response to the antigen do we display a latent period of no secretory antibody synthesis? A. primary B. secondary C. tertiary D. quaternary E. memory response

A. primary

The histocompatibility complex proteins function in A. recognition of self. B. antibody proliferation. C. B-cell maturation. D. T-cell maturation. E. None of the choices is correct.

A. recognition of self.

Plasma cells A. secrete antibodies. B. function in allergic reactions. C. directly destroy target cells. D. suppress immune reactions. E. activate B cells and other T cells.

A. secrete antibodies.

High titers of specific antibodies are components of A. specific immune globulin (SIG). B. gamma globulin. C. immune serum globulin (ISG). D. attenuated vaccines. E. toxoids.

A. specific immune globulin (SIG).

The region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is highly varied from one clone of B lymphocytes to another is the A. variable region. B. joining region. C. constant region. D. light region. E. hinge region.

A. variable region.

Acquired specific immunity involves the response of A. skin barriers. B. B and T lymphocytes. C. lysozyme. D. mucous membranes. E. interferon.

B. B and T lymphocytes.

Each _____ fragment of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that folds into a groove for one epitope. A. variable B. Fab C. Fc D. terminal E. hinge

B. Fab

The major histocompatability complex is A. glycoproteins, called MHC antigens, found on all body cells. B. a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins. C. found on the third chromosome. D. located in the thymus gland. E. All of the choices are correct.

B. a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins.

An example of artificial active immunity would be A. chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity. B. chickenpox vaccine which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox. C. giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease. D. a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta. E. None of the choices is correct.

B. chickenpox vaccine which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox.

Which is incorrect about the Fc region of an immunoglobulin? A. is called the crystallizable fragment B. forms the antigen binding sites C. contains an effector molecule that can bind to cells such as macrophages and mast cells D. contains an effector molecule that can fix complement E. determines the class to which the immunoglobulin belongs

B. forms the antigen binding sites

Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response are termed A. epitope. B. hapten. C. antigen binding site. D. variable region. E. None of the choices is correct.

B. hapten.

During presentation of APC-bound antigen, macrophages and dendritic cells secrete the cytokine, _____, that activates T helper cells. A. interferon B. interleukin-1 C. interleukin-2 D. histamine E. None of the choices is correct.

B. interleukin-1

An activated TH cell produces ___ which is a growth factor for T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells. A. interleukin-1 B. interleukin-2 C. interleukin-12 D. antiserum E. complement

B. interleukin-2

Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis? A. neutralization B. opsonization C. complement fixation D. agglutination E. anamnestic response

B. opsonization

Class I MHC genes code for A. certain secreted complement components. B. self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes. C. all HLA antigens. D. receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells. E. All of the choices are correct.

B. self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes.

Killed or inactivated vaccines are prepared by A. removal of virulence genes from the microbe. B. treatment with formalin, heat, or radiation. C. passage of the pathogen through unnatural hosts or tissue culture. D. long-term subculturing of the microbe. E. All of the choices are correct.

B. treatment with formalin, heat, or radiation.

The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is A. IgA. B. IgD. C. IgE. D. IgG. E. IgM.

C. IgE.

Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called A. superantigens. B. heterophilic antigens. C. allergens. D. autoantigens. E. None of the choices is correct.

C. allergens.

Superantigens are A. body tissues that the immune system mistakes as foreign. B. cell markers found in some member of a species but not in other members. C. bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens. D. those that evoke allergic reactions. E. None of the choices is correct.

C. bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens.

What process provides many B cells and T cells that are activated against specific antigens? A. antigen expression B. antibody production C. clonal expansion D. antigen presentation E. opsonization

C. clonal expansion

Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines A. contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules. B. are always genetically engineered. C. contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses. D. confer passive immunity. E. utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen.

C. contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses.

The most significant cells in graft rejection are A. helper T cells. B. suppressor T cells. C. cytotoxic T cells. D. delayed hypersensitivity T cells. E. natural killer (NK) cells.

C. cytotoxic T cells.

An example of artificial passive immunity would be A. chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity. B. chickenpox vaccine which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox. C. giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease. D. a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta. E. None of the choices is correct.

C. giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease.

What type of cells secrete antibodies? A. B cells B. cytotoxic T cells C. plasma cells D. helper T cells E. antigen-presenting cells

C. plasma cells

Cytotoxic T cells A. are activated by antigens. B. lack specificity for antigen. C. secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells. D. secrete interleukin-2 to stimulate B and T cells. E. All of the choices are correct.

C. secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells.

The immunoglobulin class that is the only one capable of crossing the placenta is A. IgA. B. IgD. C. IgE. D. IgG. E. IgM.

D. IgG.

The immunoglobulin/s found on the surface of B cells is/are A. IgM only. B. IgG only. C. IgD only. D. IgM and IgD. E. IgD and IgE.

D. IgM and IgD.

Which immunoglobulin class/es can fix complement? A. IgM only B. IgG only C. IgD only D. IgM and IgG E. IgE and IgA

D. IgM and IgG

An example of natural passive immunity would be A. chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity. B. chickenpox vaccine which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox. C. giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease. D. a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta. E. None of the choices is correct.

D. a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta.

Antitoxins A. contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules. B. are always genetically engineered. C. contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses. D. confer passive immunity. E. utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen.

D. confer passive immunity.

The monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has all the following except A. two identical heavy polypeptide chains. B. two identical light polypeptide chains. C. disulfide bonds between polypeptide chains. D. four antigen binding sites. E. a variable and constant region on each polypeptide chain.

D. four antigen binding sites.

Properties of effective antigens include all the following except A. are foreign to the immune system. B. have molecular complexity. C. are large molecules with a minimum molecular weight of 1,000. D. have large polymers made up of repeating subunits. E. are cells or large, complex molecules.

D. have large polymers made up of repeating subunits.

Edward Jenner's work involved A. inoculation of dried pus from smallpox pustules into a person to stimulate immunity. B. development of passive immunotherapy. C. development of an immunization to protect people against cowpox. D. immunization using a related, less pathogenic organism to give protection against a more pathogenic one. E. All of the choices are correct.

D. immunization using a related, less pathogenic organism to give protection against a more

The beauty of specific immunity is the production of ____ that provide long-lasting protection. A. antibodies B. plasma cells C. T helper cells D. memory cells E. phagocytotic cells

D. memory cells

The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called A. antibodies. B. sensitized T cells. C. activated macrophages. D. plasma cells. E. bursa cells.

D. plasma cells.

Class II MHC genes code for A. certain secreted complement components. B. self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes. C. all HLA antigens. D. receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells. E. All of the choices are correct.

D. receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells.

MHC molecules are found on each of the following cells except A. leukocytes. B. eosinophils. C. epithelial cells. D. red blood cells. E. islet of Langerhans cells.

D. red blood cells.

Antigen-presenting cells A. include dendritic cells. B. include macrophages. C. engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic. D. hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions A. are the result of genetic expression. B. function in recognition of self molecules. C. receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system. D. aid in cellular development. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Immunotherapy is the A. use of antitoxins. B. use of immune serum globulin. C. conferring of passive immunity. D. administering of preformed antibodies. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Live, attenuated vaccines A. include the Sabin polio vaccine. B. include the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR). C. contain viable microbes that can multiply in the person. D. require smaller doses and fewer boosters compared to inactivated vaccines. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Lymphocyte maturation involves A. hormonal signals that initiate development. B. B cells maturing in bone marrow sites. C. T cells maturing in the thymus. D. release of mature lymphocytes to begin migration to various lymphoid organs. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Lymphocytes A. possess MHC antigens for recognizing self. B. have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens. C. gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self. D. develop into clones of B and T cells with extreme variations of specificity. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the choices are correct.

T-cell response to T-cell-Dependent antigens requires A. typically a protein antigen. B. binding of T-cell to a class II MHC receptor on a macrophage. C. binding of T-cell to a site on the antigen. D. interleukin-1 activating the T helper cell. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Helper T cells A. secrete antibodies. B. function in allergic reactions. C. directly destroy target cells. D. suppress immune reactions. E. activate B cells and other T cells.

E. activate B cells and other T cells.

A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is a(n) A. PAMP. B. marker. C. hapten. D. antibody. E. antigen.

E. antigen.

All of the following are characteristics of IgM except A. has 10 antigen binding sites. B. contains a central J chain. C. is the first class synthesized by a plasma cell. D. can serve as a B-cell receptor. E. is a dimer.

E. is a dimer.

Which process involves a more rapid synthesis and greatly increased titer of antibody when the immune system is subsequently exposed to the same antigen? A. neutralization B. opsonization C. complement fixation D. agglutination E. memory response

E. memory response

Which lymphocytes lack specificity for antigen and are cells that attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells? A. helper T cells B. suppressor T cells C. cytotoxic T cells D. delayed hypersensitivity T cells E. natural killer (NK) cells

E. natural killer (NK) cells

Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates? A. B. C. D. E. neutralization opsonization complement fixation agglutination anamnestic response

agglutination

When an antibody is covering the foreign microorganism then complement may be activated via this___ pathway. A. B. C. D. classical lectin alternative interleukin

classical

Which of the following is not a property of B cells? A. B. C. D. E. produce plasma cells and memory cells low numbers circulating in the blood require antigen presented with MHC proteins receptors called immunoglobins mature in the bone marrow

require antigen presented with MHC proteins