Chapter 13

______ ______ is a special category of offense created for youths who, in most U.S. jurisdictions, are persons between the ages of 7 and 18.

juvenile delinquency

The legal philosophy of parens patriae was used to justify government intervention in children's lives. It meant that the state stood in place of

parents

Match the types of juvenile court adjudications (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

- Contested adjudications: They are similar to trials in criminal courts, and most of such adjudications are bench adjudications in which a hearing officer makes a finding of fact based on the evidence presented. - Uncontested adjudications: They form the vast majority of juvenile court adjudications, and they are generally brief and consist of a reading of the charges, advice of rights, and possibly brief testimony by the youth or other parties, such as a probation officer.

In the context of the formal juvenile justice process, match the basic types of diversion strategies (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column). Instructions

- Involving youths in a diversion program: The referral of juveniles to community agencies for services such as individual or family counseling - Radical nonintervention: The police practice of warning and releasing some juvenile offenders

Match the mechanisms that were employed during the colonial period to oversee the moral training and discipline of the young (in the left column) with the descriptions (in the right column).

- The apprenticeship system: The method by which middle- and upper-class children were taught skilled trades by a master - The binding-out system: The practice in which masters took care of children but were not required to teach them a trade

Identify the true statements about the institutional programs for juveniles in the United States. (Check all that apply.)

- They typically vary among themselves in the extent to which they focus on custody and control. - They are the most restrictive placements available to juvenile courts.

In response to the growing number of problem youths during the late 1800s, state and city governments established reform, industrial, or training schools. Identify the true statements about these schools. (Check all that apply.)

- They were correctional facilities that focused on custody. - They were of two types: cottage reformatories and institutional reformatories

Identify the true statements about houses of refuge in the United States. (Check all that apply.)

- They were meant to be institutions where children could be reformed and turned into hard-working members of the community. - Their primary goal was to prevent pauperism and to respond to youths who were ignored by the courts.

Match the types of teen or youth courts in the United States (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

- Tribunal: Youth attorneys present the case to a panel of three youth judges, who decide the appropriate disposition for the defendant, and a jury is not used. - Peer jury: This model does not use youth attorneys; the case is presented to a youth jury by a youth or adult, and the youth jury then questions the defendant directly.

Match the type of community-based juvenile correction program on the left with the correct description on the right.

- probation: The offender is released to an intensive-supervision program. - restitution: The offender is required to compensate victims for damages. - wilderness probation: The offender attends an outdoor adventure program to learn about consequences. - day treatment program: The offender goes to receive services or treatment by day and returns home at night. - foster home: The offender is assigned to live at an out-of-home, family-style placement - group home: The offender is assigned to live at an open, nonsecure, community-based facility.

Which of the following are issued to specify the date, time, and place of a hearing in juvenile court?

- subpoena - summons

Arrange the types of teen or youth courts in the United States in the decreasing order of their popularity. (Place the most common type at the top.)

1. Adult Judge 2. Peer Jury 3. Youth Judge 4. Tribunal

Before the sixteenth century, in the United States, the young were viewed either as property or as miniature adults. By the age of _____, they were expected to assume the responsibilities of adults.

5 or 6

_____ is the juvenile court equivalent of a trial in criminal court.

Adjudication

Police officers Jean and Bill compared experiences at a seminar. Jean works in a small town, and her department works closely with the community to try to head off problems. Bill works in a large city, and his department is very legalistic and bureaucratic. How are their approaches to troubled youth likely to compare?

Bill is more likely to arrest youths who commit minor infractions than Jean is.

True or false: Community-based programs typically restrict youths' access to the community more than institutional programs do.

False

In which of the following cases did the U.S. Supreme Court increase the due process protections that had been afforded to juveniles in an earlier case?

In re Gault

In which of the following cases did the U.S. Supreme Court examine the operation of the juvenile court system and decide that juveniles are entitled to some due process protections?

Kent v. United States

_____ is the legal philosophy justifying state intervention in the lives of children when their parents are unable or unwilling to protect them.

The doctrine of parens patriae

True or false: In the United States, parole is considered a form of aftercare for juveniles.

True

The process of rendering a judicial decision regarding the truth of the facts alleged in a petition is known as ______

adjudication

In juvenile court, the ______ is the equivalent of a trial in criminal court.

adjudication hearing

During the colonial system, a poor boy who got into trouble would most likely be

bound over to a master for care

What is the most frequent disposition used in juvenile courts?

community service

Which of the following were specifically intended to remove children from the negative influences of the urban environment?

cottage reformatories

The police stopped to talk to Edgar, a white teenager, because he was throwing rotten fruit at passing cars. The police only gave him a warning, but when he started to swear at them, they but took him into custody. Which of the following factors was most influential in the way the police responded to Edgar?

demeanor of the youth

In recent years, the juvenile offenders who have been incarcerated have been

disproportionately male and nonwhite

In the practice of placing out, problem children were sent to

farms far from the city.

According to research, which of the following community-based correctional programs often subjects juvenile offenders to abuse and neglect?

foster home

In the context of contested adjudications, a lawyer empowered by the juvenile court to hear juvenile cases is known as a(n)

hearing officer

The first specialized correctional institutions for youths in the United States were called _____

houses of refuge

The first specialized correctional institutions for youths in the United States were called _____.

houses of refuge

When the decision to arrest a youth is made, or a social agency such as a school alleges that an offense has occurred, the next step in the juvenile justice process is _____.

intake screening

The practice of keeping children in farms in the Midwest and West to remove them from the supposedly corrupting influences of their parents and the cities is known as _____

placing out

In the context of the diversion strategies used in the formal juvenile justice process, a practice based on the idea that youths should be left alone if at all possible, instead of being formally processed, is known as ______ ______

radical nonintervention

In juvenile court, the disposition is the equivalent of ______ in criminal court.

sentencing

Between 1999 and 2010, the number of incarcerated juvenile offenders

steadily declined.

The purpose of intake screening is to make decisions about

the continued processing of a case.

The main goal of aftercare programs is to assist youths in

transitioning back to community life.