Chapter 13

Luther's reforms spread rapidly, in part because the Holy Roman Empire was

made up of hundreds of largely independent states.

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism

Edict of Nantes

A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France

Early-sixteenth-century Europeans were, for the most part,

deeply pious.

The Edict of Nantes

granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns.

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir, Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?

Mary was implicated in a conspiracy to assassinate Elizabeth.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith

Anticlericalism

Opposition to the clergy

How effective was the Holy Office (or Universal Inquisition), established by the papacy in 1542?

The Holy Office effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere.

Union of Utrecht

The alliance of 7 northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherands

Spanish Armada

The fleet sent by Phillip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it

In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on which issue?

The immorality of priests who were drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy

Protestant

The name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups

Holy Office

The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to

prevent Holy Roman Emperor Charles V from increasing his power.

indulgence

A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins

Believing that only those sacraments mentioned in Scripture were valid, Martin Luther supported the validity of which two Catholic sacraments?

Baptism and the Eucharist

Politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse

Which factor contributed to the success of Martin Luther's reform efforts?

Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works.

Which statement accurately describes Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?

Lutherans taught respect for authority, while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly.

predestination

The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works

Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement?

They held strong anti-German sentiments.

Martin Luther's claim that the papacy was exploiting Germany

appealed to the national sentiment of German princes.