Chapter 13

After a 15-week program of endurance exercise training, which of the following cardiovascular variables does NOT decrease after 14 days of detraining? a) maximal cardiac output b) maximal heart rate c) VO2 max d) maximal stroke volume

b

Endurance exercise training results in an increased turnover of mitochondria in skeletal muscle. The process of removing old and damaged mitochondria is called ______. a) mitochondrial biogenesis b) mitophagy c) none of these answers is correct d) mitochondrial proteostasis

b

Heritability (i.e., genetics) determines approximately _____% of VO2 max variability in sedentary adults. a) 25 b) 50 c) 90 d) 35

b

High responders to endurance exercise training (i.e., individuals that achieve large increases in VO2 max) can achieve up to ______% improvement in VO2 max following a prolonged and intense training program. a) 35 b) 100 c) 20 d) 50

d

The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in a) increased uptake of fatty acids. b) decreased utilization of muscle glycogen. c) sparing of blood glucose. d) all of these answers are correct.

d

TRUE OR FALSE Following endurance training, afterload decreases during maximal exercise because there is a decrease in sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in the arterioles of the exercising muscles.

true

TRUE OR FALSE In a "two-legged" maximal cycle ergometer test, if each leg were to vasodilate to the extent experienced in a one-legged VO2 max test, mean arterial blood pressure would fall below normal levels.

true

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the rise in the activity of calcinurin, calmodulin kinase, and AMP kinases occurs within _____ following the exercise session. a) minutes b) hours c) seconds d) days

a

The heart rate and ventilatory responses to a fixed submaximal work rate are lower (i.e., lower heart rate and lower minute ventilation) following an endurance training program. This training-induced adaptation is primarily due to changes in the a) trained skeletal muscles. b) AV node. c) spinal cord. d) central nervous system.

a

Which of the following factors contributes to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in VO2 max? a) increased maximal stroke volume b) None of these answers is correct c) increased end diastolic volume d) increased maximal heart rate

a

A single bout of resistance exercise training increases muscle protein synthesis by as much as ______% above resting levels. a) 10-20 b) 120-150 c) 50-60 d) 200-300

b

Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle? a) none of these b) specificity c) reversibility d) overload

b

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis occurs within _____ following the completion of the exercise session. a) minutes b) hours c) seconds d) days

b

In resting skeletal muscle fibers, Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb) activation of mTOR is inhibited by ______. a) phosphatidic acid b) tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) c) none of these answers is correct d) IGF-1

b

A single bout of resistance exercise training results in an increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis. This exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis can occur within _____ following the exercise session. a) seconds b) minutes c) days d) hours

c

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain why concurrent endurance and resistance (strength) training impedes strength development compared to strength training alone. Which of the following mechanisms have NOT been proposed to explain why concurrent training impedes strength development? a) overtraining b) Depressed muscle protein synthesis c) none of above is correct d) neural factors

c

Four-to-ten weeks of anaerobic training (high intensity exercise lasting 10-30 seconds) can increase the peak anaerobic capacity by ______ across individuals. a) 50-60% b) 30-40% c) 65-75% d) 3-25%

d

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in stroke volume during exercise? a) increased end-diastolic volume b) decrease in total peripheral resistance c) increased cardiac contractility d) increased peripheral resistance

d

Which of the following physiological factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference? a) increased mitochondria volume in the muscle b) increased muscle blood flow c) increased capillaries in the muscle d) increased hemoglobin in the blood

d

TRUE OR FALSE Following endurance training, maximal cardiac output during exercise is increased due to an increase in the thickness of the left ventricular wall (i.e., ventricular muscle mass increases).

false

TRUE OR FALSE The initial decrease in VO2 max with detraining occurs because skeletal muscle adaptations (a-vO2 difference) are lost.

false

TRUE OR FALSE Reducing the number of motor units required to perform an exercise task may reduce the heart rate and ventilation required to perform the task.

true

In theory, concurrent resistance and endurance exercise training can impair muscle protein synthesis following a bout of resistance exercise. The proposed mechanism to explain this inhibition is _____________________________________. a) AMP kinase activation of mTOR b) AMP kinase activation of PGC-1ɑ c) AMP kinase activation of TSC2 d) p38 activation of TSC2

c

The average VO2 max value for the young (e.g., 21 years old) male sedentary population is approximately a) 22 ml · kg-1· min-1. b) 83 ml· kg-1· min-1. c) 45 ml· kg-1· min-1. d) 35 ml· kg-1· min-1.

c

Endurance exercise training programs (e.g., 3 days/week @ 60% VO2 max for 12 weeks) lasting typically result in a ______% improvement in VO2 max. a) 15-20 b) 1-5 c) 10-15 d) 5-10

a

TRUE OR FALSE The majority of evidence demonstrates that resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy is the result of muscle fiber hyperplasia.

false

TRUE OR FALSE Research indicates that anyone can increase his or her VO2 max with training, yet a genetic predisposition is required to have a VO2 max comparable to that of an elite endurance athlete.

true

Cross-sectional studies demonstrate that the physiological variable responsible for the large variation in VO2 max across the normal population is maximal a) heart rate. b) systolic blood pressure. c) stroke volume. d) arteriovenous O2 difference.

c

Following a single bout of resistance exercise training, muscle protein synthesis can remain elevated above baseline for as much as ______ in both trained and untrained individuals. a) 20-25 hours b) 10-15 hours c) 40-50 hours d) 15-20 hours

c

It is well known that resistance exercise training promotes an increase in muscle protein synthesis by activating the mechanistic target of rapamyosin (mTOR) which results in increased protein synthesis. Recent evidence suggests that two signaling molecules interact to directly activate mTOR. These molecules are: a) IGF-1 and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb) b) IGF-1 and phosphatidic acid c) phosphatidic acid and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb) d) IGF-1 and Akt

c

The increase in VO2 max that occurs following 4 months of endurance exercise training results from an increase in both maximal cardiac output and maximal a-vO2 difference. Relatively short durations of endurance exercise training (e.g., 1-4 months) increases VO2 max primarily by increasing a) the maximal heart rate. b) the maximal cardiac output. c) both the maximal cardiac output and the maximal heart rate are correct d) the maximal a-vO2 difference.

b

Endurance training has been shown to reduce the oxygen deficit in subjects performing a submaximal exercise. This is due to a) increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries. b) an increased heart rate. c) an increased maximal cardiac output. d) a greater anaerobic capacity.

a

Which of the following endurance training adaptations assist in maintaining acid-base balance during exercise? a) increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle b) increased M4 form of LDH c) increased lactate production d) increased pyruvate formation

a

Which of the following endurance training adaptations does NOT result in lower lactate production in the contracting muscles? a) increased glycogen utilization b) increased mitochondrial uptake of pyruvate c) decreased pyruvate formation d) increased H4 form of LDH

a

Which of the following training adaptations does NOT occur in skeletal muscles following 4-10 weeks of anaerobic exercise training? a) None of these answers is correct. b) increased activities of key glycolytic enzymes. c) increased activities of myokinase and creatine phosphokinase. d) increased muscle buffer capacity.

a

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increases in fat metabolism during exercise? a) increased FFA transporters b) increased beta oxidation enzymes c) increased fat storage in the liver d) slower blood flow in muscle

c

During the first 10 weeks of a resistance training program, the initial increase in muscular strength are due primarily to a) muscle fiber hyperplasia. b) muscle fiber hypertrophy. c) Both muscle fiber hypertrophy and muscle fiber hyperplasia are correct d) neural adaptations.

d