CHAPTER 13 COGNITIVE PART 2

40. Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? A. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman. B. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. C. Lydia is a U.S. Senator. D. Lydia is a U.S. Senator and active in the feminist movement

A. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman

51. Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an A. expected emotion. B. immediate emotion. C. integral immediate emotion. D. incidental immediate emotion

A. expected emotion

55. By using a(n) _____, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically. A. opt-out procedure B. opt-in procedure C. pragmatic reasoning schema D. permission schema

A. opt-out procedure

50. Utility refers to A. outcomes that achieve a person's goals. B. how useful a reasoning process is. C. the validity of a syllogism. D. degree of risk aversion one has

A. outcomes that achieve a person's goals

37. Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using A. the representative heuristic. B. the availability heuristic. C. framing. D. the law of small numbers

A. the representative heuristic

54. People tend to overestimate A. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings. B. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings. C. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree. D. subjective utility values following a decision

A. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings

32. Derrick purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Derrick's judgment is most likely biased by a(n) A. atmosphere effect. B. availability heuristic. C. focusing illusion. D. permission schema

B. availability heuristic

34. The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the A. representativeness heuristic. B. availability heuristic. C. falsification principle. D. belief bias

B. availability heuristic.

46. If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the A. permission schema. B. confirmation bias. C. falsification principle. D. typicality principle

B. confirmation bias

41. The conjunction rule states that A. the probability of two events co-occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each event occurring. B. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone. C. people make decisions based upon both the costs and benefits of the choices. D. people make decisions based upon possible benefits when the choices are framed positively and based upon possible costs when the choices are framed negatively

B. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

35. Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using A. the law of large numbers. B. an atmosphere effect. C. an illusory correlation. D. the falsification principle.

C. an illusory correlation

61. Physiological research on problem solving has concluded that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is important in problem solving because damage to this area causes A. difficulty in people developing expertise in a certain area of knowledge. B. people to lose their memory for facts that might aid in finding a solution. C. an increase in perseveration. D. an inability to recognize analogies

C. an increase in perseveration.

49. Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to A. break up or stay involved with a current girlfriend. B. go out for junior varsity hockey or junior varsity basketball. C. buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip. D. take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course

C. buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip

48. The similarity-coverage model demonstrates the influence of _____ on the strength of inductive arguments. A. utility B. self-referencing C. categorization D. none of these

C. categorization

57. Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she drives home by the abandoned shacks, but she hates her home when driving past the fancy mansions with their large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by A. the principle of diversity. B. confirmation bias. C. framing. D. the law of large numbers

C. framing

52. Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. The decision is creating a lot of anxiety in him, which is an example of an A. expected emotion. B. immediate emotion. C. integral immediate emotion. D. incidental immediate emotion.

C. integral immediate emotion

59. The study by Tversky and Shafir, in which college students decided whether or not to purchase a vacation package after taking a difficult end-of-semester exam, showed the influence of ____ in decision making. A. positive vs. negative outcomes B. opt-in vs. opt-out procedures C. justification D. utility

C. justification

42. Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says "George Burns smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his "George Burns" argument involves A. framing. B. the conjunction rule. C. sample size. D. none of these

C. sample size

60. Perseveration represents difficulty in A. automatic processing. B. performing a task repeatedly. C. shifting to a new behavior. D. organizing perceptual information coherently.

C. shifting to a new behavior.

36. Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT A. the availability heuristic. B. illusory correlations. C. selective attention. D. the falsification principle

D. the falsification principle.

56. Juanita is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _____, she will use a _____ strategy. A. losses; risk-taking B. gains; risk-taking C. losses; risk-aversion D. gains; risk-aversion

gains; risk-aversion