Chapter 13: Delivery

Dialect 方言

The United States has four major regional dialects 1. Eastern 2. New England 3. Southern 4. General American we also have multiple ethnic dialects.

Practicing delivery

Here is a five-step method: 1. Go through your preparation outline aloud to check how what you have written translates into spoken discourse. 2. Prepare your speaking outline. Make sure it is easy to read at a glance. Give yourself cues on the outline for delivering the speech. 3. Practice the speech aloud several times using only the speaking outline. 4. Now begin to polish and refine your delivery. Practice in front of a mirror, record the speech, then practice with real people 5. Finally, give your speech a dress rehearsal under conditions as close as possible to those you will face in class.

Pitch

The faster sound waves vibrate, the higher their pitch; the slower they vibrate, the lower their pitch. Inflection: 抑扬顿挫 changes in pitch are known as inflections. Monotone：单调的声音 A constant pitch or tone of voice. In ordinary conversation, we instinctively use inflections to convey meaning and emotion. People who do not are said to speak in a monotone.

Conversational quality

Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous 自然的 no matter how many times it has been rehearsed.

The speaker's voice

The aspects of voice you should work to control are Volume: the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice Pitch: the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice Rate: the speed at which a person speaks. Pauses: a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech. Vocal variety 声音的：changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness. Pronunciation: the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language. Articulation发音： the physical production of particular speech sounds. (ought to-otta) Dialect方言：a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.

The speaker's body

1. Personal appearance 2. Movement 3. Gestures: motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech. 4. Eye contact: direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.

Methods of delivery

1. Reading verbatim逐字的 from a manuscript. 2. Reciting背诵 a memorized text. 3. Speaking impromptu无准备的，即席的 4. Speaking extemporaneously

Online speech guidelines

1. Understand the special nature of the online environment. The online environment will transform almost every aspect of your presentation to the audience. 2. Know your technology? WebEx, GoToMeetin, etc. 3. Control the visual environment (lighting, your distance from the webcam) 4. Adapt your nonverbal communication (gestures, facial expressions, eye movement, etc) 5. Adjust your pacing for the online environment. (alter what appears on the audience's screen) 6. Manage Q&A for the online environment. 7. Rehearse for the online environment. 8. Have a backup plan.

Extemporaneous speech

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

Vocalized pause

A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as uh, er, and um. These vocalized pauses can create negative perceptions about a speaker's intelligence and often make a speaker appear deceptive.

Impromptu speech

A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.

Online Speech

A speech that has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online and in real time.

Manuscript speech

A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.

Articulation 发音

Articulation and pronunciation are not identical. Among college students, poor articulation is more common than ignorance of correct pronunciation. Working on identifying and eliminating your most common errors.

Nonverbal communication

Communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.

Answer audience questions

How to manage the question-and-answer session 1. approach questions with a positive attitude 2. listen carefully 3. direct answers to the entire audience 4. be honest and straightforward 5. stay on track.

Kinesics

举止形态学 The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication.