Chapter 13 KSU SCI 1102

Current Events: Green-Energy Inspiration Off the Coast of Denmark (New York Times, 1/17/2015) Another Dutch island wishes to achieve green energy independence by 2025. What is their goal?

To generate more energy from renewables than it consumes overall.

Interpreting Graphs and Data: Automobile Dependency in Urban Areas In which nation or region do cities have the highest degree of urban sprawl?

United States

What type of specialist has the job of advising policy makers on development, transportation, and parks?

city planners

Because of its dense population and lack of available land, City X must import most of its food. For the same reason, it must also export most of its wastes. Which of the following statements is true about City X?

city x has a linear model of production

Which of the following was most influential in shifting the population of developed countries from the farms to the cities?

industrialization

Current Events: The Passive House in New York (New York Times, 3/27/2015) it is anticipated that increasing interest in passive homes will help New York City meet its goals regarding which of the following?

greenhouse gas emissions

Current Events: Green-Energy Inspiration Off the Coast of Denmark (New York Times, 1/17/2015) The price of electricity generated from wind has followed the same pattern in the United States as in Denmark. Which of the following has happened?

prices have been dropping

As sprawl increases in a city _____.

the need for cars increases

What is the goal of "new urbanism"?

to create functional neighborhoods in which most of a family's needs can be met close to home without the use of a car

Current Events: Green-Energy Inspiration Off the Coast of Denmark (New York Times, 1/17/2015) You are an environmental engineer focused on the most difficult type of energy consumption to convert to renewable. What are you working on?

transportation

Since 2009, for the first time ever more people in the world were living in _____ areas than _____ areas.

urban; rural

Current Events: Green-Energy Inspiration Off the Coast of Denmark (New York Times, 1/17/2015) If the island of Monhegan decides to pursue renewable energy as Samso did, which of the following will be used to generate electricity?

wind and solar

Current Events: The Passive House in New York (New York Times, 3/27/2015) You wish to purchase a passive home in New York City. What can you expect?

you will pay slightly more than you would for a traditional home

The graph shows the different trends in population growth in less developed regions of the world versus more developed regions of the world. Solid lines in the graph indicate past data, and dashed lines indicate future projections. (Projections of data are based on models, simulations, or extrapolations from past data.) According to the projected data, after what year will the majority of people in less developed regions be living in urban areas?

2018

The results from Angilletta's observational experiment show that urban ant populations have higher heat tolerance than rural ant populations. A reasonable explanation for this difference is that urban ants evolved higher heat tolerance over generations as individuals with lower heat tolerance died and failed to reproduce. In the urban heat island of a city, natural selection favors organisms with higher heat tolerance. Suppose you want to run a manipulative experiment to try to replicate that evolutionary process. You decide to take ants from rural populations and relocate them to several city locations. Then for the next 50 years, you measure the heat tolerance of the transplanted populations every 5 years. You predict that the thermal tolerance of the transplanted populations will increase over time. The following graphs are possible results from your experiment. Drag the blue labels to match each description with the appropriate graph. Drag the pink labels to indicate how well each graph supports the hypothesis that natural selection results in urban ant populations with greater heat tolerance.

1. more; strongly 2. slightly more; weakly 3. no change; not 4. less; not

You work for the city planning agency in Houston and successfully pass ordinances designed to double population density. Based on the graph, predict the approximate change in carbon emissions.

50% decline

Compare the population densities of the most and least dense cities on the graph. What is the population ratio of the most- to least-dense cities?

7:1

Describe the relationship between carbon emissions and urban density as shown on the graph.

As urban density increases, per capita carbon emissions decrease.

Interpreting Graphs and Data: Automobile Dependency in Urban Areas Which of the following statements is supported by the graph?

As urban sprawl increases, automobile use also increases.

Interpreting Graphs and Data: Automobile Dependency in Urban Areas How do the rates of land use and gasoline consumption in Australian cities compare with those in U.S. cities?

At any level of per capita land consumption, people in U.S. cities use more gasoline than those in Australian cities.

Which of the following consume the bulk of the electricity used in the United States?

Buildings

Interpreting Graphs and Data: Automobile Dependency in Urban Areas What do the orange dots represent?

European Cities

Interpreting Graphs and Data: Automobile Dependency in Urban Areas In which city do individuals have the highest rate of gasoline consumption?

Houston

It has been demonstrated that ectotherms (such as insects and reptiles) in warm climates tolerate higher temperatures than ectotherms in cooler climates. Angilletta hypothesized that urban heat islands could lead to similar differences in heat tolerance between urban and rural populations of leaf-cutter ants. He predicted that ants in urban areas would tolerate heat better than ants in nearby rural areas.

Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center. Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region.

Calculate the average population density of the cities on the graph. Does the city that has average population density also have average carbon emissions?

No, carbon emissions are actually lower than average in the city with average density

Which of the following follows the philosophy of "building up, not out"?

Smart growth

what is a light rail system

a smaller rail system powered by electricity

Interpreting Graphs and Data: Automobile Dependency in Urban Areas What information is provided on the x-axis?

area per person, in square meters

Which city on the graph has both low to medium density (between 10 and 30 persons per hectare) and low carbon emissions?

copenhagen

which of the following ideas was suggested by speakers in the video?

future cities should repurpose compacted metal as building blocks for buildings

Angilletta chose to measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from several locations in and around São Paulo. Ants were gathered from four urban locations and five rural locations, as indicated in the satellite image below. Sites 1-4 are urban, and sites 5-9 are rural. A satellite image showing the 9 sampling sites in and around São Paulo, Brazil. The ants from the different locations were then placed in a chamber at 42°C. Angilletta recorded the percent of ants moving every minute until all ants stopped moving. (An ant that has stopped moving is dead.) Ants that survive longer at that high temperature have a higher heat tolerance.

graph 1: urban more than rural graph 2: urban slightly more than rural graph 3: urban slightly less than rural graph 4: urban less than rural graph 5: little to no difference graph 6: flaw

Current Events: The Passive House in New York (New York Times, 3/27/2015) In a passive home, the bulk of energy savings comes from using less energy for which of the following?

heating and cooling

Which of the following statements are supported by the graph? Select all that apply.

in 1950, urban populations is more developed regions and less developed regions were almost equal in 2050, rural populations in less developed regions are projected to drop below 3 billion rural populations are projected to drop in both more developed and less developed regions in 2050, urban populations in less developed regions are projected to reach 5 billion

Current Events: Green-Energy Inspiration Off the Coast of Denmark (New York Times, 1/17/2015) In order to best emulate Samso, a community would need which of the following?

lands to grow biomass

An urban growth boundary is an attempt to limit sprawl by _____.

limiting future growth into already urbanized areas

Sprawl is the spread of _____ urban or suburban development outward from an urban center.

low-density

which of the following best summarizes the future plans for cities

make cities self sufficient

Current Events: The Passive House in New York (New York Times, 3/27/2015) You wish to own a home that is self-sustaining for energy, meaning it produces all of the energy it uses. what type of house is this?

net zero energy

Interpreting Graphs and Data: Automobile Dependency in Urban Areas Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph?

not supported

Current Events: The Passive House in New York (New York Times, 3/27/2015) Which of the following is true?

passive homes tend to be quieter than traditional homes

From the 1950-1990s, many cities experienced a loss in population as people left for the suburbs. All of these are factors that led to this migration EXCEPT __________.

people sought out the better public transportation options present in the suburbs

Which of the following approaches help congested cities best deal with the problems related to transportation?

provide access to rail and bus transportation in the inner city or other high-density areas

Which of the following statements is true regarding sustainability?

sustainable cities tend to be livable cities that provide a good quality of life for its residents

Which of the following types of people were the first to move into the suburban areas in the mid-20th century?

the affluent

Junie is excited to go running on the city's newest running and bike trail. The brand new 3-mile trail runs right through the city and was built without tearing down any buildings at all. What is the most likely explanation of how the city planners accomplish the building of such a trail in a heavily developed urban area?

the trail was formerly a railroad line

Which of the following is a problem that occurs within cities because of the concentrated use of energy in buildings and vehicles and the large amount of dark surfaces that absorb solar energy?

the urban heat island effect

which of the following is true regarding zoning laws

the usually encourage sprawl

One of the speakers in the video made an analogy between a city and a very large tree. In this analogy, the root system of the tree was compared to __________.

the way soils, air, and water are needed to sustain people in the city

how do the speakers in the video hope to treat waste generated by cities of the future?

they plan to rely more on recycling and up cycling