Chapter 13: Neurocognitive Disorders

Which of the following involves neuronal degeneration of the basal ganglia, the subcortical structures that control motor movements?

Parkinson's disease

Each of the following are drugs currently used to treat Alzheimer's disease except

Paxil.

Neurofibrillary tangles are made up a protein called _____________ , which seems to play a role in maintaining microtubule stability, which forms the axon's internal support structure.

tau

Mae's daughter feeds her blueberries every morning with her cereal because Mae is 73, and her daughter has read that blueberries are helpful in preventing Alzheimer's disease because

they contain bioflavonoids.

The term ____________ ___________ injury refers to a situation in which there has been an alteration or loss of consciousness or post-traumatic amnesia because of an injury to the head.

traumatic brain

In a longitudinal study of 1,400 older adults, men who were depressed had ______ the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease as men who were not depressed (Dal Forno et al., 2005).

twice

Which of the following seem to be important moderators of the genetic risk of Alzheimer's? Select all that apply. Cigarette smoking

* Cigarette smoking Obesity Lack of exercise

Which of the following symptoms might be the result of a neurocognitive disorder? Choose all that apply. Multiple personalities Changes in mood Changes in personality Hallucinations and delusions

Changes in mood Changes in personality Hallucinations and delusions

The World Health Organization (2001) found a prevalence rate of Alzheimer's disease worldwide of

5 percent of men and 6 percent of women.

The genetic theory of Alzheimer's disease is believed to account for at most ______ percent of cases.

50

As many as _________ of neurocognitive disorders can be caused by other diseases other than Alzheimer's.

55%

Which of the following seem to be important moderators of the genetic risk of Alzheimer's? Select all that apply. Cigarette smoking Limited social network Lack of exercise Education level Obesity

Cigarette smoking Lack of exercise Obesity

Which of the following is specific to neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies?

Abnormal deposits of a protein called alpha-synuclein

Which of the following are symptoms of delirium? Choose all that apply. Intrusive thoughts followed by actions taken to neutralize them Abrupt appearance of symptoms Consistent worrying about a wide variety of things Inability to focus, maintain, or shift attention Temporary loss of awareness

Abrupt appearance of symptoms Inability to focus, maintain, or shift attention Temporary loss of awareness

Because of safety concerns, which of the following drugs is only rarely prescribed to treat Alzheimer's disease?

Cognex

Which of the following populations have the greatest risk for TBI? Adolescents and young adults ages 15 to 24 Adults ages 75 and older Children ages 0 to 4 Children ages 5 to 15

Adolescents and young adults ages 15 to 24 Adults ages 75 and older Children ages 0 to 4

The neurocognitive disorder associated with progressive, gradual declines in memory, learning, and at least one other cognitive domain is known as neurocognitive disorder due to .

Alzheimer's disease

____________ is the inability to recall previously learned information or register new memories.

Amnesia

Which of the following can develop 10 to 20 years before behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer's appear?

Amyloid plaques

What types of therapeutic interventions have been most helpful in alleviating Alzheimer's patients' suffering?

Cognitive-behavioral interventions

Which of the following is a rare neurological disorder that researchers believe is caused by an infectious agent that results in abnormal protein accumulations in the brain?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Which of the following are characteristics of frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder? At autopsy, there is frontal and temporal cortex atrophy. It is characterized by personality change. It is characterized by memory loss. At autopsy, there are amyloid plaques.

At autopsy, there is frontal and temporal cortex atrophy. It is characterized by personality change.

Which is true of the incidence of Alzheimer's disease?

Autopsy reports support a lower estimate than that reported in the popular press.

Clarisse develops six steps for her mother, who has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, to follow in getting ready for bed. Each time that her mother completes a step, Clarisse hugs her and tells her, "Good job." What type of strategy is Clarisse using?

Behavioral

Which of the following models offers the best perspective on what can be done to alleviate Alzheimer's patients' suffering?

Biopsychosocial

Which of the following are the most common causes of delirium? Choose all that apply. Cardiovascular disease Metabolic disorders Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Central nervous system disorders Infections Mental retardation

Cardiovascular disease Metabolic disorders Central nervous system disorders Infections

______ can lead to symptoms that are similar to those apparent in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.

Depression

Alicia's father has been diagnosed with Pick's disease. When Alicia does research, which of the following does she find to be true of this disease?

Early symptoms include personality changes. It affects the cerebral cortex. It is rare.

Which of the following are examples of behavioral strategies used by Alzheimer's caregivers? Giving medications that have been developed for treating Alzheimer's disease Identifying the steps involved in getting dressed and then rewarding the patient each time they are completed Using positive reinforcement for performing approved-of behaviors Modeling skills that the patient could manage earlier but then relearns through imitation

Identifying the steps involved in getting dressed and then rewarding the patient each time they are completed Using positive reinforcement for performing approved-of behaviors Modeling skills that the patient could manage earlier but then relearns through imitation

True or false: Alzheimer's is not necessarily a progressive disease.

False

True or false: There are a number of biological treatments for Alzheimer's disease that have lasting effects.

False

Which of the following forms of neurocognitive disorder specifically involves the brain's frontal lobes and is characterized by personality changes such as apathy, lack of inhibition, obsessiveness, and loss of judgment?

Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder

Brain damage and resulting neurocognitive disorder can be caused by which of the following? Select all that apply. Fumes from house paint Sugary soft drinks Fuels distilled from petroleum Styrene used in the manufacturing of plastic

Fumes from house paint Fuels distilled from petroleum Styrene used in the manufacturing of plastic

Brain damage and resulting neurocognitive disorder can be caused by which of the following? Select all that apply. Fumes from house paint Styrene used in the manufacturing of plastic Fuels distilled from petroleum Sugary soft drinks

Fumes from house paint Styrene used in the manufacturing of plastic Fuels distilled from petroleum

Which is true of current biological treatments for Alzheimer's disease? Select all that apply. Higher death rates are associated with many current medications. None have been shown to be effective for more than three years. Medications are expensive, but can increase life expectancy by 20% or more. Preferred treatments have been shown to alleviate symptoms for up to ten years.dications are expensive, but can increase life expectancy by 20% or more. Preferred treatments have been shown to alleviate symptoms for up to ten years.

Higher death rates are associated with many current medications. None have been shown to be effective for more than three years.

Which of the following are true of neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies? Select all that apply. It is caused by chronic alcohol use. It involves alterations in mood and movement. Its symptoms are similar to Alzheimer's disease. It is also called Pick's disease. Its primary feature is a shuffling gait.

It involves alterations in mood and movement. Its symptoms are similar to Alzheimer's disease.

Which of the following are characteristics of Huntington's disease? The long-term outlook for leading a normal life is typically good. It involves loss of motor control. Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 30 and 50. It is the result of a genetic abnormality.

It involves loss of motor control. Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 30 and 50. It is the result of a genetic abnormality.

Which of the following are true of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease? It is not fatal. It is believed to be caused by an infectious agent. It is a rare neurological disorder. In later stages, there is dementia.

It is believed to be caused by an infectious agent. It is a rare neurological disorder. In later stages, there is dementia.

Which of the following apply to neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease? Choose all that apply. It was first documented in 1907. It is a neurodegenerative disorder. It almost always occurs with Parkinson's disease. The original reported case was Auguste D.

It was first documented in 1907. It is a neurodegenerative disorder. The original reported case was Auguste D.

Neurocognitive disorders can be caused by which of the following? Select all that apply. Watching too much television or using the Internet too much Nutritional deficiencies Medication and other drugs Environmental toxins, such as paint fumes

Nutritional deficiencies Medication and other drugs Environmental toxins, such as paint fumes

Which of the following is the most striking feature of Parkinson's disease?

Motor disturbances

Which of the following are components of biological theories of Alzheimer's disease? Choose all that apply. Neurofibrillary tangles Bradykinesis Korsakoff's syndrome Amyloid plaques

Neurofibrillary tangles Amyloid plaques

Which of the following is a relatively rare progressive degenerative disease that affects the cerebral cortex's frontal and temporal lobes and is caused by the accumulation in neurons of unusual protein bodies?

Pick's disease

Which of the following are reasons that the overestimation of Alzheimer's disease is detrimental to older people? It may lead to overprescription of medications. Self-consciousness about memory loss can make it worse. Wrongly assuming one has Alzheimer's may dissuade people from taking preventative steps. It may cause people to wrongly assume they have Alzheimer's.

Self-consciousness about memory loss can make it worse. Wrongly assuming one has Alzheimer's may dissuade people from taking preventative steps. It may cause people to wrongly assume they have Alzheimer's.

Which supports the theory that an underlying genetic defect is responsible for Alzheimer's disease?

The discovery of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease

What is the leading cause of the overestimation of the incidence of Alzheimer's disease?

The inclusion of other forms of neurocogntive disorders in estimates

When a clinician assesses a client who might have Alzheimer's disease, the diagnosis can be only "probable" or "possible" because

only an autopsy can confirm the presence of this disorder.

False dementia, a severe form of depression, is called

pseudodementia.

Which of the following is true in regard to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease?

There is no infallible way to diagnose the disease in a living individual.

In which of the following ways do those with Alzheimer's disease tend to respond to the MMSE? They repeat themselves. They repeatedly tell lies. They lack richness of detail when describing objects, people, and events. They demonstrate no sense of humor. They tend to be circumstantial.

They repeat themselves. They lack richness of detail when describing objects, people, and events. They tend to be circumstantial.

True or false: Huntington's disease is caused by a genetic abnormality.

True

True or false: Multi-infarct dementia is the most common type of vascular neurocognitive dementia.

True

Which of the following are risk factors for delirium? Choose all that apply. Use of multiple prescription medications A history of obsessive behavior A history of stroke Advanced age

Use of multiple prescription medications A history of stroke Advanced age

Which of the following is caused by a restriction of blood to the brain?

Vascular neurocognitive disorder

Bioflavonoid, an antioxidant that occurs naturally in a number of foods, may play a preventive role in reducing the extent of memory loss in later adulthood. Which of the following are high in bioflavonoids? Select all that apply. Vegetables Sugar Tea Meat Fruits Wine

Wine Tea Vegetables Fruits

The term ______ is a generic name for protein fragments that collect together in a specific way to form insoluble deposits (deposits that do not dissolve).

amyloid

The MMSE is used primarily

as a screening tool for Alzheimer's disease.

Symptoms of __________ disorders, which have a physiological basis, might include hallucinations and delusions, personality changes, and changes in mood.

cognitive or neurocognitive

Alzheimer's disease continues in a progressive manner until ________ .

death

Risk factors for __________ include a previous history of stroke, dementia, sensory impairment, and use of multiple prescription medications as well as an increase in immune system inflammatory responses.

delirium

The symptoms of ____________ include a temporary loss of awareness and the inability to focus, maintain, or shift attention. The symptoms typically appear abruptly and fluctuate over the course of the time that the person has the disorder.

delirium

In assessing neurocognitive disorder-like symptoms, clinicians must be aware of the condition of pseudodementia or false dementia, a severe form of

depression

When an Alzheimer's caregiver encourages the patient to relearn the necessary steps in brushing her teeth, the caregiver is trying to increase the patient's

independence

The most frequent causes of delirium in a study of nearly 1.3 million patients were .

infections

The most probable theory of the causes of Alzheimer's is that there

is an underlying defect in the genetic programming of neural activity.

The incidence rate of new cases of Alzheimer's disease is ______ in those ages 60 to 65.

less than 1 percent a year

Previously, the DSM referred to a certain type of memory loss as "amnesia." In the DSM-5, people with amnesia receive a diagnosis of

major neurocognitive disorder due to another general medical condition.