Chapter 13 Practice Quiz

Bullying and victimization are said to have a bidirectional relationship. Which of the following statements best describes that relationship?

Bullying may lead to behavioral changes in victims (becoming withdrawn) that turn elicit more bullying from the bullies.

Which statement is unique about peer relationships?

Children are relatively equal with their peers in terms of social status.

Which theory is NOT mostly attributed to attachment theorists?

Children who lack a secure attachment with their mother may be especially prone to search for positive, reciprocal relationships with others.

Well-liked children are often inhibited and shy in which country?

China

Which statement is TRUE of cliques in middle childhood?

Friends tend to be members of the same clique

Which child is MOST likely to report that he or she relies more on friends than on parents to confide in and for support?

Mary, age 16

Tiffany and Tanya are siblings. In 5th grade, Tiffany is rated as popular and Tanya is rated as average. Which statement is MOST likely to be true 2 years later?

Tiffany has changed status, and Tanya has maintained hers.

Developmentalists gauge a child's status in a group by using:

a sociometric status measure.

Amelia's family has few economic resources. She is likely to:

be rejected by her peers.

Which type of aggression INCREASES in popular youth across adolescence?

both relational and physical aggression

Selman argued that changes in friendships were qualitative and:

due to changes in their ability to take others' perspectives.

Friendships in adolescence tend to be more

exclusive.

Preschool friends are more likely than are nonfriends to:

quarrel

Which factor appears to be LEAST important in the selection of friends?

race/ethnicity

Which sociometric group tends to have academic difficulties?

rejected

Dara is a 16-year-old girl. By which method is she MOST likely to contact her friends?

text messaging

Which skill is NOT one that 2-year-olds use to support their friendships?

trusting one another

In reciprocated best friendships, there are _____ people.

two

Which factor is NOT a feature of reciprocity?

unacknoweldged rivalry

Mothers of children who are low in sociometric status tend to:

urge their child to initiate a new group activity.

Kiara, a rejected child, is MOST likely to be seen by others as:

withdrawn.

Which factor was NOT mentioned by the text as being influenced by the socialization of friends?

IQ

Which view has received more support?

Internet-based communication technologies allow friends to maintain and enhance the closeness of their relationships

Which statement is NOT a proposed reason for the association between a warm and involved family and sociable and cooperative children?

Involved families generally send their children to better schools.

Which statement is likely TRUE of the link between quality of parenting and children's social competence?

It is likely bidirectional.

Which statement is NOT true of pretend play in preschoolers?

It occurs more often among children who do not quarrel with each other.

Research indicates that friendships change in what significant respect as children grow older?

Level and importance of the intimacy increases.

Paul, a child in the United States, and Chang, a child in rural China, are both uninterested in social interaction. Which statement is MOST likely to be true of their sociometric classification?

Paul will be neglected, and Chang will be rejected.

Friendships emerge in early childhood as children become more capable of cooperation and coordinated interactions, and as they learn to trust those individuals whom they consider to be friends. Which of the following statements is not true of these early childhood friendships?

Preschool friends quarrel less with each other than they do with nonfriends.

Which of the following is not one of the three ways that secure parent-child attachment promotes peer competence, according to attachment theorists?

Securely attached children have exclusive friendships with one or two people.

What does the term deviancy training refer to?

The process through which antisocial youth reinforce aggressive and deviant tendencies in one another

Which statement is NOT true of teams of 10-year-olds told to write a story about rain forests?

The teams of friends were less focused on the task than were nonfriends.

Monique is a 15-year-old girl. Which statement probably describes what she feels is MOST important about her peers?

They are a source of intimacy and disclosure.

Which statement is MOST true of sociometrically popular children's levels of aggression?

They are more aggressive in classrooms with a strong peer status hierarchy.

Which characteristic is NOT typical of neglected children?

They are more disruptive than are average children.

Which statement explains why some children are liked by their peers more than others?

They are physically attractive.

Which statement is TRUE of adolescents who were securely attached to their parents as infants?

They often are more socially competent in elementary school.

Which statement is NOT true of romantic relationships in adolescence?

They provide a buffer from problem behaviors such as drinking and drugs.

Which statement is NOT true of children whose parents use high levels of emotion coaching?

They show higher rates of delinquency at a younger age.

Which research is used to support the rich-get-richer hypothesis?

Youths who were better adjusted at age 13-14 were found to use social networking more at ages 20-22.

The rich-get-richer hypothesis predicts that:

adolescents who already have good social skills benefit from technology when it comes to developing friendships.

Which factor has NOT been identified by theorists as an important quality of peer relationships that enhance children's reasoning ability and their concern for others?

aggression

Popular and likable children can both be influential in their peer group, but popular children are more likely than likable children to be

aggressive

Controversial children are often:

aggressive and cooperative.

Kevin, an adolescent boy, is more likely than his classmate Denise to have friendships that:

are of longer duration.

Which method is NOT used to calculate peer acceptance?

asking children to write down their best friend's name

Cara, a 16-year-old, is MOST likely to be:

assigned to a crowd by her peers.

The idea that the parent-child relationship lays the groundwork for children's relationships with peers is MOST closely associated with:

attachment theory.

Which type of parent is MOST frequently associated with children who resist peer pressure to do drugs or join gangs?

authoritative

Sherrie was securely attached to her mother as an infant. In childhood, she is likely to:

be confident, enthusiastic, and friendly.

Toddlers who were insecurely attached as infants tend to _____ in comparison with those who were securely attached.

be lower in sympathy.

Dianna and Derek's mother uses a lot of emotional coaching. To be effective, her coaching should NOT:

be more focused on Derek than on Dianna.

Those who engage in cyberbullying tend to be:

bullies offline.

Adams and colleagues found that cortisol, a measure of children's stress reaction:

changed less when friends were present during negative experiences.

The correlational nature of much of the research on the long-term benefits of having friends is problematic because:

child characteristics may not cause the benefits.

A child in the middle-childhood years is MOST likely to join a:

clique.

Parents who teach their children strategies for how to enter into a group of peers are engaging in:

coaching.

Alex tends to be cooperative and sociable, but he is also prone to outbursts and can be disruptive in class. He is well liked by some of his classmates, but disliked by others. Which of the following best describes Alex's sociometric status?

controversial

Sue gets many positive and negative nominations on a sociometric status measure. She is MOST likely a _____ child.

controversial

Which group is one into which children are classified in a sociometric system?

controversial

The majority of the research on the costs and benefits of friendship is:

correlational.

In child-development terms, a group of people who have similar stereotyped reputations is called a:

crowd.

In the context of child development, a group of people who have similar stereotyped reputations is called a

crowd.

Over the course of adolescence, membership in cliques

diminishes.

Over the course of adolescence, membership in cliques:

diminishes.

Brianna, who is in middle childhood, is LEAST likely to use her clique for:

expressing dominance.

Jennifer, an aggressive-rejected youth, MOST likely:

has more academic difficulties than her peers.

Zack is a toddler who is not securely attached. Which description is likely NOT representative of his behavior?

high in popularity

In the early school years, a child's view of friendship is BEST described as:

instrumental and concrete.

Which characteristic does NOT apply to an aggressive-rejected child?

lacking in cofidence

Which group of children is MOST likely to be rejected by their peers?

low-income boys

Erika is a 16-year-old girl. She is likely spending less time than she used to with:

mixed-gender groups

Bram gets few positive or negative nominations on a sociometric status measure. He is MOST likely a _____ child.

neglected

Children who are neither liked nor disliked by their peers are considered to be

neglected

Lori gets few positive and negative nominations on a sociometric status measure. She is MOST likely a _____ child.

neglected

Regarding peer relationships, Piaget emphasized that peers displayed:

openness and spontaneity.

On average, _____ of 15-year-olds have dated a peer at one point or another.

over half

Maria, an adolescent girl whose family has strong Mexican American traditional values, is likely to have parents who:

place many restrictions on her contact with peers.

Sam gets many positive nominations and few negative nominations on a sociometric status measure. He is MOST likely a _____ child.

popular

Beth often ascribes negative motives to others when she doesn't get her way; consequently, she will sometimes lash out at other children as a way to get even for perceived slights. Rather than cooperate or take turns with other children, she is more apt to cut in line or push another child out of the way. Which of the following best describes Beth's sociometric status?

rejected

Which sociometric status is MOST likely to remain stable over time?

rejected

The parent of a socially competent child would most likely NOT engage in which action?

removing the child from difficult play situations.

High-quality peer relationships in adolescence tend to be associated with a history of:

secure attachment with both one's mother and father.

Members of a clique are often similar in that they have:

similar levels of aggressiveness and bullying.

The social-compensation hypothesis predicts that:

social media may be especially beneficial for lonely, depressed, and socially anxious adolescents.

When Jon is aggressive toward another child at school, his mother believes it is because of the situation, not because it is Jon's nature. Jon is MOST likely:

socially competent

Marc, an elementary school child whose parents allow him to engage in many neighborhood and school activities, is MOST likely:

socially competent and well-liked.

The degree to which a child is liked or disliked by peers is a measure of that child's

sociometric status.

Which example does NOT illustrate relational aggression?

stealing the lunch money of a peer with lesser status

Martin, a 13-year-old boy, is MOST likely to choose a romantic partner based on:

stylishness.

Mothers of children who are socially accepted tend to:

teach their children group-oriented strategies for gaining entry into a group.

Gang members frequently report joining gangs because:

the gang offers them protection.

Tyler is 15 years old. He thinks of himself as socially awkward. He has a few close friends, but tends to be shy and anxious around most peers and adults. Tyler is more comfortable in online chat rooms and other social media forums, and he tends to express his emotions more openly among his peers in these settings. Tyler's experience supports which perspective on the impact of social media development?

the social-compensation hypothesis

Most of Matt's friends are boys, but he recently has made close friendships with a number of girls. How old is Matt?

13

Mia and Robin are good friends. Their friendship is based on sharing feelings and experiences and giving honest feedback to each other. How old are these two girls?

15 years old

By what age do children engage in cooperative problem solving and reverse roles during play?

2 years

Some researchers believe that children have friends as early as age

2 years.

Approximately what percentage of rejected children ultimately drop out of school?

25% to 30%.

Angie has just made a "best friend" for the first time. Angie is probably _____ old.

3 years

Anna defines her friends based on how much they play together and share activities. How old is Anna?

7 years old

Which aspect of friendship changes as children grow older?

Friendships are defined predominantly by proximity and time spent together.

According to research, which of the following is true of relationships between girls in middle childhood and adolescence compared with those of boys of the same ages?

Girls are more likely than boys to desire closeness and to worry about abandonment from their friends.