Chapter 13 Quiz

50%

heritability (i.e., genetics) determines approximately _____% of VO2 max variability in sedentary adults.

stroke volume

Cross-sectional studies demonstrate that the physiological variable responsible for the large variation in VO2 max across the normal (untrained) population is maximal what?

50%

High responders to endurance exercise training (i.e., individuals that achieve large increases in VO2 max) can achieve up to ______% improvement in VO2 max following a prolonged and intense training program.

mitophagy

the removal of damaged mitochondria in skeletal muscle and other cells

- increased end-diastolic volume - increased cardiac contractility - decrease in total peripheral resistance

what are the factors that contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in stroke volume during exercise?

increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle

what endurance training adaptations assist in maintaining acid-base balance during exercise?

- increased H4 form of LDH - increased mitochondrial uptake of pyruvate - decreased pyruvate formation

what endurance training adaptations does result in lower lactate production in the contracting muscles?

- a decrease in the maximal arterial-venous O2 difference - a decrease in maximal stroke volume

what factors contribute to the decline in VO2 observed during 84 days of training?

- slower blood flow in muscle - increased FFA transporters - increased beta oxidation enzymes

what factors contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increases in fat metabolism during exercise?

- increased maximal cardiac output - increased maximal stroke volume

what factors do contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in VO2 max?

- increased mitochondria volume in the muscle - increased capillaries in the muscle - increased muscle blood flow

what physiological factors does contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference?

- five weeks of endurance training can increase skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume by two times about normal - seven days of detraining can reduce mitochondrial volume by 50% below the trained level - after a period of detraining, approximately 4 weeks of retraining is required to regain the lost mitochondrial volume

what statements are true about the effect of endurance training or detraining on mitochondria volume in human skeletal muscle?

- increased muscle buffer capacity - increased activities of myokinase and creatine phosphokinase - increased activities of key glycolytic enzymes

what training adaptations does occur in skeletal muscles following 4-10 weeks of anaerobic exercise training?

- increases in stroke volume - increases in maximal cardiac output

During the first four months of an endurance exercise training program, the initial increase in VO2 max is primarily due to what?

15-25% improvement in VO2 max

Endurance exercise training programs (e.g., 3 days/week @ 60% VO2 max for 12 weeks) typically results in what?

mitochondrial biogenesis

Endurance exercise training results in an increase in mitochondria volume within skeletal muscle fibers. The process of synthesizing mitochondria in cells is called what?

increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries

Endurance training has been shown to reduce the oxygen deficit in subjects performing a bout of submaximal exercise. This is likely due to what?

specificity

Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle?

hours

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis occurs within _____ following the completion of the exercise session.

minutes

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the rise in the activity of calcinuneurin, calmodulin kinase, and AMP kinases occurs within _____ following the exercise session.

the increase in the number of GLUT4 glucose transporters

Following several weeks of endurance exercise training, the capacity to transport glucose into skeletal muscle fibers is increased. what training-induced change contributes to this training effect?

3-25%

Four-to-ten weeks of anaerobic training (high intensity exercise lasting 10-30 seconds) can increase the peak anaerobic capacity by ______ across individuals.

45 ml • kg-1 • min-1

The average VO2 max value for the young (e.g., 21 years old) male sedentary population is approximately what?

- increased uptake of fatty acids - decreased utilization of muscle glycogen - sparing of blood glucose

The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in what?

the trained skeletal muscles

The heart rate and ventilatory responses to constant load submaximal exercise are lower (i.e., lower heart rate and lower minute ventilation) following an endurance training program. This training-induced adaptation is primarily due to changes in what?

- an increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference - an increase in maximal cardiac output

The increase in VO2 max that occurs following 16 months of endurance exercise training results from what?

- the muscles involved in the activity - the fiber types recruited - the principal energy system (i.e., aerobic vs. anaerobic) involved in the activity

The principle of specificity of training refers to the fact that exercise training is specific to what?