Chapter 13 SB
The majority of vectors are ___________ (type of organisms).
arthropods
________ are the type of organism that is most often a vector for disease transmission.
arthropods
An infection that develops while being treated at a hospital or medical facility is called a health-care-______________ infection.
associated
An infection that produces no noticeable symptoms is termed _______________
assymptomatic
A(n) ___________ carrier is a person with an inapparent infection who shows no symptoms of being infected yet is able to pass the disease agent on to others.
asymptomatic
An individual who has been infected and are apparently healthy but continue to spread infection are known as ________ carriers.
asymptomatic
It is common for infections to produce no noticeable symptoms. Infections of this nature are called _____________
asymptomatic
When a medical examiner cannot detect any signs of disease, however, the pathogen is actually present, this is typically called a(n) __________________ infection.
asymptomatic
Microbial ______________ is the situation in which microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment and where resident microorganisms take actions that inhibit or destroy intruder microorganisms.
atagonism
Researchers studying the importance of normal resident microbiota have developed laboratory strains of mammals and birds that are germ-free, also called __________
axenic
The presence of viable, but not necessarily multiplying, bacteria in circulating blood is referred to as ______.
bacteremia
______ is the presence of small numbers of viable, but not necessarily multiplying, bacteria in circulating blood.
bacteremia
A(n) ______ vector actively participates in the life cycle of the pathogen.
biological
An animal that not only transports an infectious agent from one host to another but plays a role in the life cycle of the pathogen is a(n) ____________ vector.
biological
Helminths gain access to unbroken skin through burrowing, while other organisms are transmitted through insect or animal ________________
bites
Which of the following is NOT a common site for health-care-associated infections?
brain and nerves
Since 8-10% of the DNA in human cells consists of sequences from endogenous retroviruses, this demonstrates that viruses
can be normal residents of the human body.
A ______ is an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and can spread it to others without knowing.
carrier
Human _________________ are occasionally detected through routine screening, although they are usually very difficult to discover and control, leading to the spread of pathogens.
carriers
A(n) ______ infection is characterized as an infection that progresses and persists over a long period of time.
chronic
An infection that persists over a long duration is referred to as a __________ infection.
chronic
Which of the following is NOT a portal of entry?
circulatory system
An exoenzyme that causes the clotting of blood or plasma is called ___________
coagulase
Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for clotting the blood or plasma?
coagulase
Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for breaking down the fibers in connective tissue?
collagenase
The exoenzyme that digests the collagen fibers in connective tissue is called ______________
collageness
A(n) ______________ vehicle is a single material that serves as the course of infection for many individuals, such as a contaminated water source.
common
Which type of epidemic occurs when all cases come from exposure to the same source which continues to infect others over time, such as from a restaurant worker with poor hygiene?
common-source epidemic
A disease is considered _______________ when the infectious agent can be transmitted from infected host to new host.
communicable
If an agent is transferred from an infected person to another person without an intermediate object, substance or space, it is said to be ______ transmission.
contact
A disease that is highly communicable, especially through direct contact, is referred to as _____________
contagious
A(n) ________ disease is very communicable, mainly through direct contact.
contagious
Which is NOT a common means by which patients acquire healthcare-associated infections?
contaminate food
The time period when a patient is recovering from an infection as the immune response clears the infectious agent is known as the _______________ period.
convalescent
The ______ is the time period where a patient is recovering from an infection.
convalescent period
Respiratory pathogens can exit the body most effectively by which of the following means?
coughing and sneezing
The most effective means of exit from the human body for respiratory pathogens are ____________ and ______________ .
coughing and sneezing
Which are ways infectious agents can gain access to unbroken skin?
digestive enzymes bites of insects and animals
Some type of contact must occur between the skin or mucous membranes of an infected person and an infectee in order for _________________ transmission to occur.
direct
Any deviation or change from a state of health is known as ______________
disease
Many resident microbiota have the potential to cause ____________ if the microorganisms spread beyond their natural microhabitat within the body or if the host's immune system is compromised.
disease
______ can be characterized as any deviation from the healthy state.
disease
Streptokinase and staphylokinase _______ __________ _________
dissolve fibrin clots.
The types of transmission that involve air as a vehicle are _____________ nuclei and _____________.
droplet aerosols
The dried residue of fine droplets produced by mucus and saliva sprayed while sneezing and coughing that are large enough to bear a single bacterium and small enough to remain airborne for a long time are called ______.
droplet nuclei
________________ ________________ are dried residues of mucus and saliva sprayed while sneezing and coughing that can contain a bacterium and remain airborne for a long time.
droplet nuclei
Which factor does NOT make the human body a favorable environment for many different microbes?
dryness
The placenta is a(n) ________ barrier against most microorganisms in the maternal circulation
effective
A(n) _______________ A(n) ________ disease is an infectious disease that is present in a population at a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time.
endemic
An infectious disease that has a steady frequency in a particular geographical location over a long period of time is referred to as __________ to that region.
endemic
An infectious agent that already exists on or in the human body is referred to as a(n) ______ agent.
endogenous
A bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released but instead is an integral part of gram-negative cell walls is called a(n) ______.
endotoxin
A(n) _______________ is a bacterial toxin that is part of the gram-negative cell wall and is usually released only when the bacteria has been damaged or destroyed.
endotoxin
A(n) ___________ occurs when the prevalence of a disease is greater than expected for a particular population.
epidemic
An infectious disease with a prevalence greater than expected for a population is said to be ______.
epidemic
The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in human populations is called ______.
epidemiology
______________ is the study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined human populations.
epidemiology
The ________ layer of the skin is continually sloughed off and replaced.
epidermis
A(n) _____________ is an extracellular enzyme that may be involved in hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules or damage to host tissues.
exoenzyme
Extracellular enzymes utilized by microbes to dissolve host's defense barriers and promote the spread to deeper tissues are ________.
exoenzymes
An infectious agent that originates from outside of the body is called ______.
exogenous
An infectious agent that originates from outside the body, such as from the environment or another organism, is referred to as _____________
exogenous
A toxin (usually a protein) that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target is called a(n) ________.
exotoxin
A toxin that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target is called a(n) __________
exotoxin
True or false: A disease that is transmitted by sexual or intimate contact is referred to as a nosocomial disease.
false
True or false: Droplets are suspensions of fine dust or moisture in the air that contain live pathogens.
false
True or false: The portal of exit is always the same as the portal of entry for a pathogen.
false
The ________ route of indirect transmission in which a fecal carrier of disease contaminates food or drink during food handling, passing it on to those who consume it.
fecal-oral
The index case is the ________________
first case that brings an infection to the attention of medical authorities
A(n) ______ infection occurs when a microbe breaks loose from a localized infection and spreads to another tissue.
focal
An infection that remains confined to the initial infection site is called a(n) __________ infection.
focal
When an infectious agent breaks loose from a localized infection and is carried by the circulation to another tissue, a(n) ____________ infection occurs.
focal
A(n) ________ is an inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens.
fomite
Any inanimate object that can serve as a vehicle for the spread of disease when contacted by an infected individual is called a(n) _________
fomite
Gastrointestinal pathogens enter via ________, _____________, and other ingested substances.
food, drink
Axenic strains of mammals and birds developed in the laboratory are ______.
germ free
Skatole is one of the chemicals that ______.
gives feces a foul odor
Which of the following characteristics describes coliform bacteria?
gram negative facultative anaerobe lactose fermenting
Infectious diseases that are acquired or develop during a stay in a medical facility are known as ______ infections.
healthcare-associated
Some microbes can produce an exotoxin called ________________ which can induce the lysis of red blood cells.
hemolysin
________ are a type of bacterial exotoxin that disrupt the cell membrane of red blood cells.
hemolysisns
Which of the following is a term used to describe the "type" of transmission of a pathogen from one person to another, not including those transmitted from mother to fetus?
horizontal
_______________________ transmission is a term used to describe the direct or indirect transmission of a pathogen through a population. HINT: This term is the opposite of the term used to describe the transmission of a pathogen from mother to offspring across the placenta.
horizontal
An enzyme that digests hyaluronic acid, which is the "glue" that holds host cells together, is called _______________.
hyaluronidase
Hosts with compromised ________ systems can easily be infected by resident biota.
immune
Disease ____________ measures the number of new cases over a given time period.
incidence
The total number of new cases of a disease in a certain area and time period is referred to as the ______ of the disease.
incidence
The time period from the initial contact with an infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms is known as the ______.
incubation period
The first case to bring an infection to the attention of medical authorities is called the _______ case.
index
Transmission of infectious agents from host to host with the involvement of an intermediate inanimate material is considered to be ______ transmission.
indirect
Infectious agents that are transmitted from host to host with the involvement of an intermediate inanimate material are said to be _______________transmitted.
indirectly
The condition in which pathogens enter, establish, and multiply in the human host is referred to as a(n) ______.
infection
The invasion and multiplication of a pathogen in the human host is referred to as a(n) ________________
infection
What will happen If the inoculum is less than the infectious dose?
infection and disease will not occur
Any damage or toxicity to the body caused by a pathogen is known as ________ disease.
infectious
The pathologic state involving the disruption and destruction of tissues by microbes is referred to as a(n) ________________ disease.
infectious
What is the minimum number of microbes that must enter the body to cause infection?
infectous dose
A nonspecific response to tissue damage that protects the host from further damage is known as ________.
inflammation
______________ is a nonspecific response to tissue injury or infection that protects the host from further damage.
inflammation
The gastrointestinal tract is the portal of entry for pathogens contained in ______ substances.
ingested
Which general area of the body does NOT support resident biota?
internal body fluids
A toxinosis caused by the ingestion of toxins is called ___________
intoxication
Ingestion of a bacterial toxin causes a toxinosis known as ________.
intoxication
The __________ period is the time during a clinical infection when the infectious agent multiplies at high levels and obvious signs/symptoms are present.
invasion
The exoenzyme that digests the main protein component in skin and hair is called _____________
keratinase
Even a weakly pathogenic species can become more virulent with a ___________ inoculum.
large
Compared to an outbreak, an epidemic would be on a ______ scale and in a ______ area.
larger, more extended
A state of inactive infection is called ______.
latency
When a virus persists inside the host in an inactive state, this is specifically referred to as ______________
latency
A wound, injury, or other noticeable sign of infection or disease is defined as a(n) _________
lesion
A(n) ________ is defined as a wound, injury, or some other pathologic change in the tissue.
lesion
Species of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus produce _____________, substances that are toxic to white blood cells, including phagocytes.
leukocidins
An abnormally large number of white blood cells in the blood is called ______________
leukocytosis
A lower-than-normal white blood cell count is known as _________________ .
leukopenia
______ is a decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells.
leukopenia
A(n) ______ infection occurs when a microbe enters a specific tissue, infects it, and remains confined there.
localized
Generally speaking, organisms with higher infectious doses have _________ virulence.
lower
The internal cavity of any structure is generally referred to as the _________ . Examples could include: the chamber inside of the small intestine or inside the endoplasmic reticulum.
lumen
Which of the following terms is used to describe the inside chamber of a structure (e.g., inside the small intestine or inside the endoplasmic reticulum)?
lumen
A person harboring a persistent infectious agent ________ shed the agent during the latent stage.
may or may not
A(n) ________ vector is not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent and merely transport it without being infected.
mechanical
An animal that transports an infectious agent but is not infected by it is known as a(n) _____________ vector.
mechanical
The Human ____________ is the collective total of genetic material from all the normal resident microbiota that can live in or on the body.
microbiome
Long term microbial inhabitants of the skin and exposed mucosa, that participate in mutual or commensal association without generally causing disease in the host, are called normal resident _____________
microbiota
The infectious dose is the _________ _____________of microbes required for an infection to proceed.
minimum number
A(n) ______ infection occurs when several infectious agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site.
mixed
When several different pathogens interact simultaneously at the infection site, a(n) _______ infection occurs.
mixed
The ________________ rate is the number of persons afflicted with a certain illness.
morbidity
The number of persons in a population who are afflicted with a particular disease is referred to as the ______ rate.
morbidity
The correct epidemiological term for the number of persons who have died as the result of a particular disease is the ____________ rate.
mortality
The number of persons who have died as the result of a particular cause is referred to as the ______ rate.
mortality
The exoenzyme that digests the mucous coating on mucous membranes is called _____________
mucinase
Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for breaking down the protective coating on mucous membranes?
mucinase
The death and disintegration of cells and tissues is referred to as ______.
necrosis
____________ is defined as the death and disintegration of cells and tissues.
necrosis
LPS is found in the outer membrane of Gram ____________ cells.
negative
A(n) _______________ disease is an infectious disease that does not arise from host to host transmission.
noncommunicable
An infectious disease that does not arrive through transmission of an infectious agent from host to host is referred to as ______.
noncommunicable
The normal bacterial inhabitants of the human body can be referred to as:
normal flora commensals resident microbiota indigenous microflora normal microbiota
The rupture of the fetal membranes first exposes the fetus to _____ from the mother.
normal microbiota
The human microbiome is the collective total of all DNA sequences from the ______.
normal resident microbiota
By law, a(n) ____________ disease must be brought to the attention of local, district, state or national agencies by medical personnel aware of the condition.
notifiable
The portal of exit is ______ the same as the portal of entry for a pathogen.
often
A(n) _____________ pathogen is a microbe that usually does not cause disease in a normal healthy host, but can cause disease in an immunocompromised host.
opportunistic
Pathogens that do not usually cause disease unless the host's immune system is weakened or compromised in some way are known as _________ pathogens.
opportunistic
The first microbes to colonize the upper respiratory tract are _________ streptococci.
oral
A person with feces on their hands handles food and transmits it to another person who ingests the contaminated food. This is referred to as the _________-___________ route.
oral-fecal
Lipopolysaccharide is located in the ________ _______________of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria.
outer membrane
Where is lipopolysaccharide (LPS) located in bacterial cells?
outer membrane
The incubation period is characterized by ______.
pahtogen multiplication
Which is a NOT a sign of inflammation?
pain
The symptoms of inflammation include _____.
pain and soreness
It is a concern that avian flu could become a(n) _____________ with cases spread across multiple continents.
pandemic
The spread of an epidemic across continents is said to be a(n) ______.
pandemic
The relationship between a pathogen and its host is best described as ______.
parasitic
A person who mechanically transfers a pathogen without ever being infected by it is called a(n) ________ carrier.
passive
A(n) ______ carrier is not infected, but is contaminated with the infectious agent and spreads it to other hosts.
passive
Any biological agent that causes disease is called a(n) ______.
pathogen
_____________ is a broad concept that describes an organism's potential to cause infection or disease.
pathogenicity
The time period during a clinical infection when the infectious agent multiplies at high levels and exhibits its greatest toxicity is known as the ______.
period of invasion
Which of the following is NOT an example of a common vehicle?
personal items
A category of white blood cells called __________ are most likely to be the first defense encountered upon entering the host by a microbe that is not part of the normal biota.
phagocytes
When a microbe that is not part of the normal biota enters the body, it is likely to first encounter which type of host defense?
phagocytes
White blood cells capable of engulfing other cells and particles are generally referred to as ______.
phagocytes
_______________ are white blood cells that are capable of engulfing pathogens and cellular debris.
phagocytes
Ordinarily, the ______________ is an effective barrier against microbes in maternal circulation to the developing fetus.
placenta
Which type of infection has occurred when an infectious agent comes from a single source and affects many individuals nearly simultaneously, as when everyone at a barbecue becomes ill?
point-source epidemic
A(n) ______ disease occurs when microbes cooperate in breaking down a tissue or one microbe creates an environment that enables another microbe to invade.
polymicrobial
Diseases caused by more than one infectious agent at the same time are referred to as ____________ diseases.
polymicrobial
The route a pathogen uses to get into the human host is called the ____________ of ________________.
portal of entry
A pathogen is considered unsuccessful if it does not have a specific ________.
portal of exit
The specific avenue through which pathogens depart the body is known as the _________ of ___________
portal of exit
A series of proofs used to determine the causative agent of an infection is called Koch's ___________
postulates
Disease ________________ is the total number of cases of a particular disease within the entire population.
prevalence
The total number of cases of a disease in a certain area and time period is referred to as the ______ of the disease.
prevalence
In many cases, normal biota can benefit the human host by ______.
preventing the overgrowth of potentially harmful biota
In a sequence of infections, the first infection that predisposes the patient to further infection is called the ____________ infection.
primary
The term ______ infection is used to refer to the initial infection in a previously healthy individual, which can later be complicated by an additional infection caused by a different microbe.
primary
A microbe or mixture of microbes known as _____________ are used to balance the normal flora and prevent infection.
probiotic
________ are beneficial, nonpathogenic microbes that can be ingested to re-establish normal microbiota.
probiotics
The short period of mild symptoms that follows the incubation period of an infection is the ________ stage.
prodromal
The ______ is the short period of mild symptoms occurring at the end of the incubation period.
prodromal stage
The only areas of the gastrointestinal tract that harbor numerous permanent resident microbes are the ______.
rectum large intestine oral cavity
A(n) ______ disease is a disease that must be brought to the attention of local, district, state or national agencies by medical personnel aware of the condition.
reportable
A ______ is the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen comes.
reservoir
In reference to diseases, the natural host or primary habitat of a pathogen is referred to as its ______________
reservoir
Microorganisms that survive the body's defenses and become permanently established in or on the body are called _____________ microbes.
resident
The stable microbes that inhabit the skin and exposed mucous membranes on a permanent or long-term basis, and generally do not cause disease are referred to as ______ biota.
resident
Microbes that become permanently established on the human body are known as ________.
residents
The largest number of pathogens enter the body through the __________ tract.
respiratory
The portal of entry for the largest number of pathogens is the ______.
respiratory tract
Evidence that viruses can be normal residents of the human body comes from the Human Genome Project showing that 8-10% of DNA in human cells consists of sequences from endogenous ________________
retroviruses
Most of the microbes that live in soil or water are classified as ______.
saprobic
Most of the microbes that live in the water and soil are ______________, meaning they live off of decomposing matter.
saprobic
A(n) ___________ infection is an infection that occurs as a complication of a pre-existing one.
secondary
The term ______ infection refers to an additional infection, with a different microbe, that follows an initial infection.
secondary
Which body fluids are involved in the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases?
semen and vaginal discharge
Some diseases leave ______ in the form of long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs after the course of the infection.
sequelae
If an infectious agent is _____________ during a latent infection, then the disease can be transmitted to others.
shed
A(n) ______ is any objective evidence of a disease that can be observed or measured by an observer.
sign
Any abnormality uncovered upon physical examination or diagnosis that indicates the presence of disease is referred to as a(n) __________
sign
A(n) ______________ is an objective assessment of disease, as opposed to a(n) _____________ , which is the subjective assessment perceived by the patient.
sign, symptom
Which of the following are generally more precise?
signs
One of the chemicals that gives feces their foul odor is called ___________
skatole
The outer layer of the _____________ and scalp is constantly being shed to the environment.
skin
Microbes with ______ infectious doses are usually more virulent.
small
Infection will not proceed if the inoculum is ______ than the infectious dose.
smaller
Compared to an epidemic, an outbreak is usually on a ______ scale and in a ______ area.
smaller, more limited
Which of the following are symptoms of inflammation?
soreness and pain
A ______ is the individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired.
source
The specific organism or object from which an infection is directly acquired is referred to as the __________
source
A disease with new cases at irregular intervals in unpredictable geographic locales is said to be _________
sporadic
An infectious disease with occasional new cases reported in random locales at irregular intervals is said to be ______.
sporadic
In the field of epidemiology, the collection and analysis of data on the occurrence, mortality and transmission of infection for a large number of diseases is referred to as ___________________
surveillance
The collection and keeping of data for a large number of diseases seen by the medical community and reportable to public health authorities is called ________.
surveillance
Some microbes have adapted to _____________ inside phagocytes after ingestion.
survive
A _____________ is subjective evidence of infection and disease as perceived by the patient.
symptom
Any subjective evidence of disease that is sensed by the patient is called a(n) _______.
symptom
A(n) ____________ is a set of signs and symptoms that define a particular disease.
syndrome
The collection of signs and symptoms that when seen together indicate a particular disease is referred to as a(n) ______.
syndrome
A(n) ______ infection invades many compartments and organs via the bloodstream.
systemic
The national government agency in charge of keeping track of infectious diseases is called _____.
the Centers for Disease Control
The international agency in charge of keeping track of infectious diseases is called ________.
the World Health Organization
A condition where an infection remains localized at the portal of entry but toxins produced by the pathogens are carried by the blood to the target tissue is called ___________
toxemia
For diptheria and some staphylococcal diseases, the infection remains localized at the portal of entry but toxins from the pathogens travel to the target tissue through the bloodstream, in a condition known as ______.
toxemia
Spread of a toxin from the site of infection through the blood is ________.
toxemia
_______________ is a type of toxinosis in which a toxin is spread by the blood from the site of infection.
toxemia
The genetically-controlled characteristic that gives an organism the ability to produce toxins is referred to as ______.
toxigenicity
_________________ is defined as the ability of an organism to produce toxins.
toxigenicity
A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that has a poisonous effect on other organisms is a(n) ________.
toxin
A(n) ____________ is a product of an organism that is poisonous to other organisms.
toxin
Diseases that are caused by toxins produced by other organisms are generally called ____________
toxinoses
__________________ are diseases caused by toxins produced by other organisms.
toxinoses
Which are categories of virulence factors?
toxins exoenzymes antiphagocytic effects
A pathogen can directly damage its host by secreting ______________or ____________ .
toxins or exoenzymes
Microbes that do not colonize the human host, but instead are lost rapidly are referred to as ______________
transient
Microbes that occupy the human body for only short periods are called ________.
transients
Bacterial kinases dissolve fibrin clots.
true
Biological agents that can cause disease in healthy people with normal immune defenses are known as ________ pathogens.
true
Lactobacillus is a common bacterial resident of the female vagina.
true
True or false: A disease is considered communicable when the infectious agent can be transmitted from infected host to new host and establish infection in that host.
true
True or false: A microbe may be active in host tissue, even if no overt symptoms of infection manifest themselves.
true
True or false: A portal of entry is the route a pathogen uses to get into the human host.
true
True or false: A substance formed by some pathogens that impairs and sometimes lyses leukocytes is known as a leukocidin.
true
True or false: An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans is called a zoonosis.
true
True or false: An infection that produces no noticeable symptoms even though the microbe is active in the host tissue is referred to as asymptomatic.
true
True or false: People who are sick due to a pathogen in their blood stream can typically transmit the infection to others by blood exposure.
true
True or false: Subclinical implies that a medical examiner cannot see any signs of disease.
true
A __________pathogen is a biological agent that is capable of causing infection and disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses.
true or primary
Transplacental infection occurs when microbes from the mother enter fetal circulation through which blood vessel?
umbilical vein
The ______ tract is the portal of entry for pathogens that are transmitted through sexual contact.
urogenital
The portal of entry for pathogens that are transmitted through sexual contact is the ______________ tract.
urogenital
Which of the following are a potential threat of blood-borne disease?
used razor and/or needle
To establish itself in a host, a microbe must ______.
utilize a portal of entry survive immune system defenses be able to adhere to host tissue
A live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another is called a(n) ______.
vector
An animal that transmits infectious agents from one host to another is called a(n) ____________
vector
An inanimate material (solid object, liquid, or air) that serves as a transmission agent for pathogens is called a(n) ______.
vehicle
The general term for an inanimate material (solid object, liquid, or air) that serves as a transmission agent for pathogens is a(n) _____________
vehicle
The syphilis spirochete can cross the placenta and infect the fetus through the umbilical ___________
vein
_____________ transmission is a term used to describe the transmission of a pathogen from mother to offspring in utero.
vertical
_______________ transmission is a term used to describe the transmission of a pathogen from mother to offspring in utero.
vertical
Which of the following is the term used to describe the transmission of a pathogen from the mother, across the placenta, to the baby?
vertical transmission
Tests reveal the presence of small numbers of viruses in a sample of blood taken from a patient; this condition is referred to as _____________
viremia
______ is the presence of small numbers of viruses in circulating blood.
viremia
A ___________ factor is any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to the infection or disease state.
virulence
Any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to the infection or disease state is called a ______ factor.
virulence
The ___________ of a particular microbe is determined by its ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage.
virulence
A(n) _____________ _______________ is a property of a microbe that improves their invasiveness or ability to evade host defenses in order to cause disease.
virulence factor
Any characteristic or structure of a pathogen that allows it to establish itself in a host or cause damage to the host is referred to as a(n) ______.
virulence factor
An infectious disease that normally occurs in animals but humans can acquire through direct or indirect contact with infected animals is called a(n) __________
zoonosis
Which types of transmission involve air as the vehicle?
Aerosols Droplet nuclei
Pathogens enter the skin through which means?
Bites of other organisms Breaks in the skin Digestive enzymes creating passage
Virulence factors fall into three categories: ______________ effects, ______________ , and __________________(which can lead to toxemia).
Blank 1: antiphagocytic Blank 2: exoenzymes Blank 3: toxins
The three types of carriers that are infectious during the period before or after they have been infected with the disease are called ________________ carriers, ______________ carriers, and chronic carriers.
Blank 1: incubation Blank 2: convalescent
Coliform bacteria are described as gram-______________, ________________-fermenting, and ________________ anaerobes.
Blank 1: negative Blank 2: lactose Blank 3: facultative
_______________ cavity, large ____________, and ________________are the only areas of the GI tract that harbor permanent resident microbes. All of the other sections of the GI tract only harbor transient microbes.
Blank 1: oral or buccal Blank 2: intestine Blank 3: rectum or colon
Resident microbiota can benefit the human host by ______________ the overgrowth of ______________ microorganisms.
Blank 1: preventing, stopping, or inhibiting Blank 2: harmful, pathogenic, or bad
A disease that is transferred from person to person by sexual or intimate contact is referred to as a(n) _____________ ___________________infection.
Blank 1: sexually Blank 2: transmitted
Some microbes secrete a ______________ or _____________ that makes it physically difficult for a phagocyte to engulf them.
Blank 1: slime Blank 2: capsule
The human body usually supports resident biota in which of the following areas?
Body fluids in exposed body cavities Tissues with contact to outside
Which types of carriers have had or will have the disease but do not at the time of transmission?
Convalescent carriers Incubation carriers
Which are considered typical residents of the urethra?
Corynebacterium Nonhemolytic streptococci Staphylococcus
Which of the following is NOT a means by which pathogens enter the skin?
Diffusion across the stratum corneum
The national government agency in charge of keeping track of infectious diseases is called the Center of ________________ _________________ and Prevention
Disease Control
Which are SIGNS of inflammation?
Edema Abscesses Lymphadenitis
LPS is found in which type of bacterial cells?
Gram Negative
Which of the following are flora of the respiratory tract?
Haemophilus Streptococcus species Neisseria species Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for digesting the "cement" that holds host cells together?
Hyaluronidase
Which of the following is NOT a main role for exoenzymes in the disease process?
Increase the amount of systemic inflammation
Exoenzymes play which of the following main roles in the disease process?
Inflict damage on tissue Dissolve the host defensive barriers
Which body fluid is NOT involved in the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases?
Interstitial fluid
Which two factors determine the virulence of a particular pathogen?
Its ability to cause damage to the host tissues Its ability to establish itself in the host
Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for breaking down the protein in the outermost skin cells?
Keratinase
To determine which microbe causes an infection, scientists apply established criteria called ______ postulates.
Koch's
______ is an increase in the number of circulating white blood cells.
Leukocytosis
Which of the following are considered to be signs of blood infection?
Leukopenia Microbes in blood Leukocytosis
The component of the gram-negative outer membrane called endotoxin is also known as _______________
Lipopolysaccharide
Which of the following is the substance referred to as endotoxin?
Lipopolysaccharide
Which of the following indicates a relationship in which resident microorganisms prevent the overgrowth of intruder microorganisms when competing for survival in a common environment?
Microbial antagonism
What factors make the human body a favorable environment for a wide range of microbes?
Moisture Source of nourishment Surface area Temperature
Which body sites usually do NOT have a resident microbial population?
Muscles Inner ear canal
Which of the following microbes can be engulfed by phagocytes but are able to survive further destruction?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Legionella pneumophila
Which of the following steps is NOT required for a microbe to establish itself in a host?
Produce toxins or induce a damaging host response
If the inoculum is much larger than the infectious dose, what may occur?
Rapid onset of disease
Which are common means by which patients acquire healthcare-associated infections?
Resident biota infections Infections of damaged tissue Fomite transmission
The main portals of entry include ______.
Respiratory tract Urogenital tract Gastrointestinal tract Skin
Which of the following pathogens compose the acronym for STORCH?
Rubella Toxoplasmosis Syphilis Cytomegalovirus
When is an infant first exposed to normal biota beyond the early resident microbiota present in uterine tissues?
Rupturing of the fetal membranes
______________ is an acronym for the unified cluster of common fetal and neonatal infections that medical personnel must monitor.
STORCH
Which microbes produce a capsule or slime to physically prevent phagocytosis?
Salmonella typhi Streptococcus pneumoniae Cryptococcus neoformans
A pathogen can directly damage its host by
Secretion of exoenzymes Secretion of toxins
A systemic infection associated with microorganisms multiplying in circulating blood is described as __________
Septicemia
______ is the presence of multiplying microbes in circulating blood.
Septicemia
______ are forms of long-term or permanent damage to tissue or organs resulting from a disease.
Sequelae
Organisms from the genus _____________ are the most common residents of the mouth.
Streptococcus
Which of the following are the most common members of the normal flora of the mouth?
Streptococcus mitis Streptococcus salivarius Streptococcus sanguis
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a sign of blood infection?
Thrombopenia
Which term is NOT used to refer to the normal microbes that inhabit the human body and usually do not cause disease?
Transient biota
Which of the following represent common sites for health-care-associated infections?
Urinary tract Blood GI tract Skin Respiratory tract Surgical incisions
Which locations are well-established sites harboring resident microbiota?
Various parts of gastrointestinal tract Upper respiratory tract External ear canal External genitals
The international agency in charge of keeping track of infectious diseases is called the?
World Health Organization (WHO)
Of the following, the two that are most likely examples of endogenous infections are ______ and ______.
a Micrococcus infection resulting from a cut to the skin a Staphylococcus infection of a hair follicle
Pathogenicity is:
a broad concept that describes an organism's ability to cause disease
A(n) ______ infection is characterized by a rapid onset and short duration.
acute
An infection characterized by rapid onset with severe but short-lived effects is a(n) ___________ infection.
acute
The process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry through interaction of their molecules with host cell receptors is called ______.
adhesion
____________ refers to the process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry through interaction of their molecules with host cell receptors.
adhesion
___________ are suspensions of fine dust or moisture in the air that contain live pathogens, whereas droplets are dried microscopic residues ejected from the mouth and nose.
aerosols
Which of the following are examples of systemic infections, or those that spread to several sites and tissue fluids, usually in the bloodstream?
aids, typhoid fever
