Chapter 13: Stereotyping and Prejudice

Sequence of actions

1. intention (thought) 2.action (say) 3.effect(other persons interpretation)

Microaggressions and Well-Being study (Ong et al., 2013) results

1.78% of Ps reported at least one microaggression. 2.More microaggressions associated w/higher NA and somatic symptoms the same day and the next da

Critiques of microaggressions research

1.Microaggressions don't fit the definition of aggression (because they are often done w/o intent to cause harm). 2.It is difficult to determine what is and isn't a microaggression (especially for people who are trying to avoid committing microaggressions). 3.People are being trained to avoid microaggressions but we don't really know if the training is necessary or effective a.because most of the research is correlational b.and doesn't account for personality differences that may cause some people to be especially likely interpret statements or behavior as microaggressions

Where does prejudice come from?

1.Socialization agents(parents/friends) 2.media 3.Normative conformity

Implicit association test (IAT)

A covert measure of unconscious attitudes derived from the speed at which people respond to pairings of concepts—such as black or white with good or bad.

stereotype

A generalization about a group of people in which all members are assumed to share the same characteristics Eg: Asians are just all so _____. ^ / Cognitive

prejudice

A negative or hostile attitude toward an entire group of people based solely on their group membership Eg: I just don't like _______s. ^ / affective

Microaggressions and Well-Being study (Ong et al., 2013)

Method: -152 Asian American first year college students studied over 2 weeks. -Asked about experiencing racial microaggressions, including being treated as an alien in their own land. >>>e.g., I was asked where I was born >>>>I was told that I speak good English. -Reported on their daily negative affect, positive affect, and somatic symptoms.

social categorization effect

Origin of stereotypes: We tend to group similar objects together

out-group homogeneity

The perception that individuals in the out-group are more similar to each other (homogeneous) than they really are, as well as more similar than members of the in-group are

mere categorization effect

The tendency to prefer the group you are in, and perceive differences between groups, even when group membership is randomly or arbitrarily assigned.

The contact hypothesis ("when contact reduces prejudice"),

The view that social interactions between social groups would reduce prejudice The contact hypothesis has been supported by many studies in the laboratory and in the real world. requires each person to directly experience intergroup contact in order to reduce prejudice

discrimination (definitions from lecture)

Unjustified harmful or negative action toward an individual based on their group membership Eg: A black applied for a job but I would never give the job to a _______. ^ / behavioral

stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype Ex: I am black so I must be not good looking and cannot be a model

microaggressions

a statement, action, or incident regarded as an instance of indirect, subtle, or unintentional discrimination against members of a marginalized group such as a racial or ethnic minority.

stereotype lift

awareness of positive expectations can actually improve performance on tasks Ex:I am asian so I must be good a math

Stereotype Threat Math study (Spencer, Steele, & Quinn, 1999)

due to gender stereotypes, Asian women do worse on math tests when they see themselves as "women" (stereotype = poor at math) rather than as "Asians" (stereotype = good at math).

The jigsaw classroom

educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project