Chapter 13 study guide

The tympanum from the right portal of Chartres depicts the Virgin and Child that hearkens back to the Romanesque portrayals of this theme as the Throne of Wisdom. Which of the following is the source for this depiction? a. Byzantine Theotokos b. Early Christina Madonna and Child c. Carolingian Virgin and Child d. Hiberno-Saxon Madonna and Child

a. Byzantine Theotokos

(Figure 13-6) a. Chartres b. Paris c. Amiens d. Reims

a. Chartres

(Figure 13-1) a. Chartres Cathedral b. Notre Dame, Paris c. Amiens Cathedral d. Milan Cathedral

a. Chartres Cathedral

(Figure 13-2) a. Early Gothic b. High Gothic c. Flamboyant Gothic d. Perpendicular Gothic

a. Early Gothic

. Perpendicular style was popular in which of the following countries. a. England b. Spain c. France d. Italy

a. England

Who of the following coined the term "Gothic"? a. Giorgio Vasari b. Lorenzo Ghiberti c. Abbot Suger d. Louis IX

a. Giorgio Vasari

(Figure 13-30) a. House of Jacques Coeur b. Palace of the Popes c. House of Louis XIV d. Palace of Orvieto

a. House of Jacques Coeur

Paris claimed to be the intellectual center of Gothic Europe. Its university faculty and the reputations of its masons supported this claim. Which of the following also provided support for this claim? a. It was a center for fine book production. b. It established the first printing press. c. It was a center for classical study. d. It was the principal center of commerce for Europe

a. It was a center for fine book production

Jeanne d'Evreux, wife to Charles IV, donated a statue of the Virgin and Child to the Abbey of St.- Denis. What is the common name of this statue? a. Queen of Heaven b. Virgin of Sorrows c. Throne of Wisdom d. Theotokos

a. Queen of Heaven

Which of the following figures provides the most direct contrast with the Naumburg figures? a. Röttgen Pietà b. Bamberg Rider c. Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux d. Death of the Virgin from Strasbourg Cathedral

a. Röttgen Pietà

(Figure 13-18) a. St. Theodore b. St. George c. St. Peter d. Jeremiah

a. St. Theodore

(Figure 13-27) a. St.-Maclou b. Amiens Cathedral c. Notre-Dame, Paris d. Reims Cathedral

a. St.-Maclou

(Figure 13-33) a. moralized Bible b. Psalter of St. Louis c. Breviary of Philippe le Bel d. Belleville Breviary

a. moralized Bible

The intense color and elegance of the Psalter of Saint Louis expresses the courtly style. Which of the following influences can also be associated with this manuscript? a. stained glass b. Byzantine mosaics c. Italian fresco d. Early Christian manuscripts

a. stained glass

Many Gothic cathedrals were dedicated to which of the following? a. the Virgin Mary (Notre-Dame) b. the Holy Spirit c. The Trinity d. Christ the Judge

a. the Virgin Mary (Notre-Dame)

The development of the Rayonnant style is connected with which of the following? a. the court of Louis IX b. Abbot Suger of St.-Denis c. Order of Bernard of Clairvaux d. the Second Crusade

a. the court of Louis IX

(Figure 13-22) a. Notre Dame, Paris b. Amiens Cathedral c. Laon Cathedral d. Reims Cathedral

b. Amiens Cathedral

. (Figure 13-26) a. Carcasonne b. Paris c. London d. Cologne

b. Paris

Abbot Suger is credited with creating which of the following churches? a. St.-Sernin b. St.-Denis c. St.-Chapelle d. Notre-Dame, Paris

b. St.-Denis

(Figure 13-25) a. Notre Dame, Paris b. Ste-Chapelle c. Cologne Cathedral d. Orvieto Cathedral

b. Ste-Chapelle

Which of the following is considered a masterpiece of the Rayonnant style? a. Reims Cathedral b. Ste-Chapelle c. St-Denis d. Amiens Cathedral

b. Ste-Chapelle

Speyer Cathedral was considered the burial church of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. Which of the following churches was the burial church for the kings of France? a. Notre-Dame, Paris b. Notre-Dame, Reims c. St-Denis d. Ste-Chapelle

c. St-Denis

Which of the following became a standard feature of French Gothic facades? a. fan vaulting b. Perpendicular style c. rose window d. rounded arches

c. rose window

The portal sculptural program for Chartres Cathedral is distinctly different from its Romanesque counterparts. Which of the following accounts for this distinction? a. the exclusion of scenes from the Passion b. the inclusion of the Old Testament Kings c. the prominence of Mary in the portal program d. the inclusion of scenes from the life of Christ

c. the prominence of Mary in the portal program

The Gothic style is said to have first appeared in which of the following areas? a. Lombardy b. Ile de France c. Milan d. Burgundy

d. Burgundy

Fan vaulting was most common in which of the following? a. Thirteenth-century Germany b. Early Gothic France c. High Gothic France d. Late Gothic England

d. Late Gothic England

What pose developed by the "court" style had a strong influence on Late Gothic sculpture? a. contrapposto b. rigidly frontal c. equestrian form d. S-shaped curve

d. S-shaped curve

The sculptural program of the west façade of Chartres Cathedral proclaims the power and majesty of Jesus Christ. Which of the following elements unites all three doorways of the west portal (Portal Royal) of Chartres Cathedral? a. The episodes from the life of the Virgin are carved on the capitals. b. The episodes from the Old Testament are carved on the capitals. c. The episodes from the Passion are carved on the capitals. d. The episodes from the life of Christ are carved on the capitals

d. The episodes from the life of Christ are carved on the capitals

The fourteenth-century German sculptures of Ekkehard and Uta at Naumburg are particularly significant because these sculptures conveyed ____. a. the S-shaped curve b. the damp-fold style of drapery c. the impression of capturing the likeness of specific individuals d. the Virtues

c. the impression of capturing the likeness of specific individuals

What Gothic cathedral was finished in the nineteenth century according to the original thirteenthcentury plans?

Cologne Cathedral was begun in 1248 under the direction of Gerhard of Cologne. Work came be to a halt in the mid-14th century. The 14th -century plans were unexpectedly found in the 19th century and completed according to the original plans. Gothic revival architects added the nave, towers, and façade to the east end that had stood alone for so long.

Briefly describe the characteristics of the Flamboyant style.

Flame-like curvilinear decorative forms that occurred in the 14th century. It reached full maturity nearly a century later. This style permitted the viewer to see the rose windows and the flying buttresses, even though they are set well back on the facade. This style produces a complexity of views

Contrast these exteriors. How are they different? West façade, Laon Cathedral (Figure 13-8) and West façade, Reims Cathedral (Figure 13-23)

Laon Cathedral exterior is more compact and squared. It is completely attuned to its Early Gothic heritage with modestly pointed arches. The façade of Reims is completely constructed in the High Gothic style. Every element is stretched to attain maximum elegance. The figures are taller and their frames are more ornate

What is lux nova?

Literally translated from the Latin as new light, it refers to the church interiors. The innovative ribbed vaults resting on pointed arches allowed the masons to eliminate some interior walls and replace them with windows, stained glass windows. These windows brought natural light and diffused it throughout the interiors transforming these interiors into a perceptually charged atmosphere. It literally transformed the interiors from darkness into light

How does the statue of Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux symbolize the Gothic period in subject and style?

One of the most influential religious figures of the period was the Virgin. In fact, many of the cathedrals were named in her honor (Notre-Dame). She represented the compassionate and gentle mother. This role had now transformed her into mediator; she stood between the Judge and the sinner. This can is reflected in portal sculptural programs. The Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux reflected the change in sculptural presentation as well. The gentle sway of the figure was more humanizing and the flow of the drapery was also more natural. The sculptor was attempting to indicate the corporeality of the body beneath the cloth. All these elements converged into this one figure and made it ideal for representing this period.

Briefly describe the Perpendicular Gothic style. In what country was it most popular?

Perpendicular Gothic style emphasized strong verticality of its decorative details and often with elaborate vaults. This was the last English Gothic style.

How do the sculptures on the south transept portal of Chartres Cathedral reflect the High Gothic style?

The Porch of the Confessors is located on the south transept. This portal projects more forcefully from the church's façade unlike the earlier portals. The statues have evolved with more independence from the architecture but the figures are still attached to columns. The figures communicate more fully with the viewer and also each other, almost as if they were engaged in a dialog. Now the slight movements of the figures' positions have softened the rigid verticality of the Early Gothic style.

Describe the differences in the aisles of these two Gothic churches. Interior of St. Elizabeth, Marburg (Figure 13-53), and interior of Laon Cathedral (Figure 13-9).

The aisle vaults of St. Elizabeth are the same height as those of the nave. There is no gallery, triforium or clerestory. More focus is placed on the pulpit and preaching aspect of this hall church. Laon Cathedral nave has a triforium that breaks up the continuous wall surface. It also has a gallery and clerestory moving away from compartmentalized interior space seen in the Romanesque church interior.

When was this work done, where was it placed and what is represented? Which features of the work reflect a classicizing influence, and which features do not? Death of the Virgin from Strasbourg Cathedral (Figure 13-46)

The carving of Death of the Virgin was done in the thirteenth century during the Gothic period. It was placed in the tympanum over the portal. The treatment of the drapery and the fuller bodies represent Classical influences.

How did the cult of the Virgin impact Gothic society?

The cult of the Virgin shifted the focus from the severity of the Romanesque to a gentler and more compassionate theme. Worshippers believed the Virgin stood between the sinner and Christ interceding on behalf of the sinner. Great cathedrals were dedicated to her. The tone of society had changed.

What is the significance of this work, and how does it relate to sculpture in the Gothic period? Visitation and Annunciation, Reims Cathedral (Figure 13-24)

The jamb statues appear independent of the facade. Classical elements appear in the heads of the Virgin and St. Elizabeth (possibly Roman statuary used as models), both figures have incorporated contrapposto and gestures to create a sense of conversation. In contrast to the Early Gothic period sculpture the jamb statues are no longer isolated. The figures are now actors participating the biblical narrative.

What are the statues on the jambs of the Royal Portal at Chartres thought to represent?

The kings and queens of the Old Testament and the royal ancestors of Christ, they support the New Testament figures, which appear above the doorways.

How do the Strasbourg tympanum and statues of Ekkehard and Uta from Naumburg Cathedral differ yet still reflect the Gothic style?

They both express essentially Gothic styles. In the Strasbourg tympanum the sculptor has created an emotional tableau emphasizing the very human emotion of grief. On the other hand the Naumburg figures are portrayed with a solemnity and quiet exactitude that is also a Gothic element. The individualized features of the margrave and his wife point to the shifting changes in Gothic sculpture from standardized representations to real people even though they lived well before the sculptor

How do stained glass windows function within the context of a cathedral?

They were not meant to just introduce color and iconography into the interiors. In the cathedral interior stained glass windows did not conceal walls as frescoes or mosaics did, stained glass windows replaced walls. Light passes through them and is transmitted by them, filtering and transforming interiors. Stained glass windows became one with the architecture and the liturgy.

How does this interior reflect the High Gothic style? Interior, Amiens Cathedral (Figure 13-20).

This interior utilizes the High Gothic vocabulary completely and effectively. The rectangular bay system, the four-part rib vault, a buttressing system which allows the massive walls to almost dissolve and create a self-sustaining skeletal architecture is fully realized in this structure. The proportions are elegant. The interior is suffused with light and color.

Describe the function of this object. Shrine of the Three Kings Nicholas of Verdun (Figure 13-45).

This is a reliquary or container for relics (holy objects) fashioned as a basilica. The reliquary was placed in Cologne Cathedral and possession of the relics allowed the bishops of Cologne the right to crown the German kings.

The Reims portal sculpture of the Visitation has been described as two women conversing. This is in sharp contrast to earlier Gothic portal sculpture. How is the Visitation unique? a. The figures are attached to the architectural background. b. The figures have greater freedom from the architectural lines. c. The figures are isolated in their frames. d. This is the first time women appear on portal sculpture.

b. The figures have greater freedom from the architectural lines.

Who may have conceived the complicated iconographical portal program for Chartres Cathedral? a. Abbot Suger b. Thierry of Chartres c. St. Bernard of Clairvaux d. St. Thomas Aquinas

b. Thierry of Chartres

The elevation of Laon Cathedral differs from that of Chartres in what important respect? a. absence of a triforium b. absence of a gallery c. absence of rose windows d. absence of nave arcade

b. absence of a gallery

. Laon Cathedral retains many of its Romanesque features. Which of the following is one such feature? a. pointed arches b. sexpartite rib vaults c. triforium d. flying buttress

b. sexpartite rib vaults

(Figure 13-24) a. Uta and Blanche b. Röttgen Pietà c. Annunciation and Visitation d. Blanche and Jeanne d'Eveurx

c. Annunciation and Visitation

Jean Pucelle illuminated which of the following? a. Breviary of Philippe le Bel b. Blanche of Castile Bible c. Belleville Breviary d. Psalter of St. Louis

c. Belleville Breviary