Chapter 13 Trace Minerals

574 89. Which trace mineral is needed for growth, reproduction, immunity, and protein synthesis? a. Zinc b. Magnesium c. Iodine d. Chromium

a. Zinc

569 64. Iodine deficiency results in all of the following except: a. severe mental retardation. b. excessive growth in stature. c. infertility. d. increased risk of mortality.

b. Excessive growth in stature

565-566 52. Copper homeostasis occurs in part through adjustments in _____. a. losses via sweat b. absorption c. losses via urine d. ionization

b. absorption

556 15. What is the most common trace mineral deficiency worldwide? a. Iodine b. Copper c. Iron d. Selenium

c. Iron

557 22. Vitamin C enhances the absorption of which trace mineral? a. Manganese b. Copper c. Iron d. Selenium

c. Iron

562 40. The individual who is least likely to be iron deficient is: a. Jan, age 1. b. John, age 6. c. Beckie, age 30 (pregnant). d. Bob, age 41.

d. Bob, age 41

572 74. Which trace mineral is thought to be needed for glucose homeostasis and insulin function in humans? a. Iron b. Magnesium c. Iodine d. Chromium

d. Chromium

572 78. How much chromium is actually absorbed by the body regardless of intake? a. <2% b. <5% c. <8% d. <10%

a. <2%

572 73. Which trace mineral was designated an essential nutrient because its deficiency in animals caused a diabetic-like state? a. Chromium b. Zinc c. Iodine d. Magnesium

a. Chromium

568 61. Compounds that inhibit iodine uptake by the thyroid gland are found in which of the following foods? a. Cruciferous vegetables b. Citrus fruits c. Red meats d. Milk products

a. Cruciferous vegetables

572 75. Which of the following foods provides the least amount of chromium in the diet? a. Dairy foods b. Vegetables c. Fruit d.Whole-grain bread

a. Dairy foods

576 98. Which trace mineral is not an essential nutrient but has long been recognized for strengthening bones and teeth? a. Fluoride b. Magnesium c. Zinc d. Molybdenum

a. Fluoride

561 36. What protein is the most abundant in the red blood cells and is responsible for delivering oxygen and picking up carbon dioxide? a. Hemoglobin b. Transferrin c. Myoglobin d.Hemosiderin

a. Hemoglobin

567 56. Which trace mineral is an essential component of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland? a. Iodine b. Magnesium c. Selenium d. Zinc

a. Iodine

555 4. Jack has no genetic disorders, does not consume excessive trace mineral supplements, and has not experienced environmental overexposure. Yet, he could still be at risk for developing either a deficiency or toxicity of which two trace minerals? a. Iron and iodine b. Selenium and molybdenum c. Copper and manganese d. Zinc and chromium

a. Iron and iodine

565 49. Which food below is the best source of copper? a. Liver b. Poultry c. Broccoli d. Winter squash

a. Liver

560 33. Where is excess iron stored in the body? a. Liver, bone marrow, and spleen b. Liver, bone marrow, and muscle tissue c. Liver, pancreas, and gallbladder d. Liver, bone marrow, and kidney

a. Liver, bone marrow, and spleen

573 82. Which trace mineral is needed for enzymes involved in glucose production (gluconeogenesis) and bone formation? a. Manganese b. Magnesium c. Iodine d. Chromium

a. Manganese

573 83. What trace mineral other than copper is a cofactor for superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that protects cells from free radicals? a. Manganese b. Magnesium c. Iodine d. Chromium

a. Manganese

558 23. What factor enhances the bioavailability of nonheme iron? a. Meat factor b. Beef factor c. Protein factor d. Intrinsic factor

a. Meat factor

563 43. What type of anemia results from severe iron deficiency? a. Microcytic, hypochromic anemia b. Macrocytic, normochromic anemia c. Pernicious anemia d.Megaloblastic anemia

a. Microcytic, hypochromic anemia

561 35. When an elite athlete decides to donate blood during training and then have it transfused back into his body just before a competition, he is trying to increase his _____ and therefore the amount of _____ available to tissues in order to increase the rate of _____ energy metabolism. a. myoglobin, cytochromes, aerobic b. transferrin, glucose, anaerobic c. hemoglobin, oxygen, aerobic d. hemosiderin, ATP, anaerobic

a. Myoglobin, cytochromes, aerobic

577 103. Which of the following trace minerals are being investigated to determine their role in human nutrition? a. Nickel, aluminum, silicon, vanadium, arsenic, and boron b. Calcite, barite, olivine, mica, arsenic, and niter c. Silver, gold, silicon, cadmium, mercury, and lead d. Beryl, pyrite, cinnabar, bismuth, dravite, and galena

a. Nickel, aluminum, silicon, vanadium, arsenic, and boron

575 90. Which food items are significant sources of zinc in the diet? a. Shellfish, meat (especially organ meats), dairy products, and legumes b. Citrus fruits (especially grapefruit), leafy green vegetables, apples, and cherries c. Broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and spinach d. Grain and cereal products including pasta, rice, and oats

a. Shellfish, meat (especially organ meats), dairy products and legumes

558 28. Which of the following foods contains polyphenols? a. Tea b. Chocolate c. Blueberries d. Tofu

a. Tea

565 51. Which of the following groups of foods includes good sources of copper? a. Whole grains, shellfish, and nuts b. Green beans, ham, and salad dressing c. Apples, pasta, and yogurt d. Cheese, grapes, and wine

a. Whole grains, shellfish, and nuts

575-576 95. The genetic condition _____ causes decreased absorption of a trace mineral and results in growth failure and red, scaly skin (especially around the scalp, eyes, and feet) in infants. a. acrodermatitis enteropathica b. hereditary hemochromatosis c. cretinism d. Keshan disease

a. acrodermatitis enteropathica

577 102. Excessive intake of fluoride causes: a. gastrointestinal upset. b. general malaise. c. pitting and mottling of teeth. d. bleeding gums.

a. gastrointestinal upset

570 66. Dan's grandfather has a goiter. The goiter could be the result of _____. a. iodine deficiency but not iodine toxicity b. either an iodine deficiency or iodine toxicity c. either iodine deficiency or an enzyme imbalance d. iodine toxicity but not iodine deficiency

a. iodine deficiency but not iodine toxicity

572, 573 86. Generally, fruits are not good sources of trace minerals. The exceptions are _____. a. molybdenum and zinc b. copper and molybdenum c. chromium and manganese d. copper and selenium

a. molybdenium and zinc

574 87. Carla is the dietitian for an inpatient drug rehab facility. In order to provide her newly admitted clients with sufficient _____ for production of some of the enzymes used by the liver to detoxify drugs, she plans menus that include _____. a. molybdenum; peas, grains, and nuts b. zinc; milk, meat, and seafood c. chromium; fruits, vegetables, and grains d. selenium; meat, seafood, and nuts

a. molybdenium; peas, grains, and nuts

557 19. The snack item richest in nonheme iron is: a. mushrooms stuffed with bread crumbs. b. non-fat yogurt with fruit. c. potato chips. d. pretzels dipped in peanut butter.

a. mushrooms stuffed with bread crumbs

570-571 69. The best dietary sources of selenium are: a. nuts, seafood, and meat. b. green leafy vegetables and fruit. c. olive oil, hard cheese, and red wine. d. milk, yogurt, and soft cheeses.

a. nuts, seafoods, and meat

572 72. Consuming large amounts of _____ can cause a garlic-like odor of the breath, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and brittleness of the teeth and fingernails. a. selenium b. zinc c. chromium d. iron

a. selenium

555 7. Trace minerals are absorbed primarily in the _____ and circulated in the _____, a. small intestine, blood b. small intestine, lymph c. stomach, blood d. stomach, lymph

a. small intestine, blood

575-576 94. Acrodermatitis enteropathica causes decreased _____ absorption, and hence requires life-long supplementation of this mineral. a. zinc b. selenium c. iodine d. copper

a. zinc

577 99. The American Dental Association recommends that water be fluoridated to contain _____ part(s) fluoride per million parts water. a. 0.3 to 0.6 b. 0.7 to 1.2 c. 2.0 to 3.3 d. 3.5 to 4.2

b. 0.7 to 1.2

562 39. Iron is important for optimal growth and development because it is _____. a. a cofactor for synthesis of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine b. a cofactor for DNA synthesis c. a structural component of cell membranes d. a structural component of bone

b. A cofactor for DNA synthesis

566 53. _____ transports copper. a. Hematocrit b. Ceruloplasmin c. Cytochrome c oxidase d. Glutathione peroxidase

b. Ceruloplasmin

578 106. The dietitian is checking on several AIDS patients. In monitoring dietary intake, which trace minerals should she pay particular attention to because of their importance for optimal immune function? a. Chromium, iodine, molybdenum b. Iron, selenium, zinc c. Iodine, zinc, chromium d. Copper, manganese, selenium

b. Iron, selenium, zinc

578 105. Which of the following is true of arsenic? a. It influences calcium metabolism, especially bone formation b. It may be a cofactor for a variety of enzymes c. Food sources include fruits, leafy vegetables, legumes, and nuts d. It is used as an approved food additive

b. It may be a cofactor for a variety of enzymes

561 37. What iron-containing protein is found in muscle cells? a. Hemoglobin b. Myoglobin c. Albumin d. Hemosiderin

b. Myoglobin

568 58. Iodine uptake by the thyroid is regulated by: a. thyroid-regulating hormone. b. thyroid-stimulating hormone. c. goitrogen. d. thyroxine.

b. Thyroid-stimulating hormone

560 32. What protein produced by the liver delivers iron to all body cells? a. Ferritin b. Transferrin c. Albumin d. Hemosiderin

b. Transferrin

578 104. _____ acts much like insulin in some laboratory animals and cell culture systems. a. Bismuth b. Vanadium c. Nickel d. Niter

b. Vanadium

572 76. Chromium's bioavailability is increased by ______ and decreased by _____. a. vitamin A, aspirin b. vitamin C, antacids c. vitamin D, iron d. iron, vitamin E

b. Vitamin C, antacids

555 11. If you wanted to develop a way to test how much of the copper in a new supplement was being excreted by the body, your test would need to measure the copper in _____. a. urine b. feces c. blood d. sweat

b. feces

557 16. Kate is shopping for an iron supplement. To enhance absorption, which of the following iron forms will her dietitian suggest she look for on the label of the product she chooses? a. Ferric b. Ferrous c. Ferrite d.Ferryte

b. ferrous

577 100. Someone who drinks only bottled water is more likely to have a low intake of _____ than someone who drinks water from the community water supply. a. copper b. fluoride c. manganese d. zinc

b. fluoride

555 9. Trace mineral status is regulated by the _____. a. stomach, bone marrow, and pancreas b. intestine, kidneys, and liver c. liver, kidneys, and gallbladder d. pancreas, bone marrow, and gallbladder

b. intestine, kidneys and liver

567-568 57. The best source of iodine in the American diet is: a. shellfish. b. iodized salt. c. nuts. d. milk products.

b. iodized salt

557 17. Alice is about to eat a three-bean salad. She will enhance her absorption of iron if she consumes _____ as part of her meal. a. milk b. orange juice c. tea d. yogurt

b. orange juice

576 96. What do "zinc fingers" do? a. Stabilize cell membranes b. Regulate transcription by turning on and off specific genes c. Participate in redox reactions that generate ATP d. Promote synthesis of norepinephrine and collagen

b. regulate transcription by turning on and off specific genes

553 1. In order to be classified as a trace mineral, a mineral must be required by the body in amounts less than _____ per day a. 1 g b. 10 mg c. 100 mg d. 1000 mg

c. 100 mg

564 45. Marcia's doctor has instructed the dietitian to assist her is developing an iron supplement regime to treat her iron-deficiency anemia. The dietitian will most likely follow the CDC recommendation and suggest that Marcia take one _____ mg tablet of ferrous sulfate twice daily for _____ months. a. 100, 1 b. 200, 2 c. 300, 3 d. 400, 4

c. 300, 3

558 31. Consuming one (1) cup of coffee or tea with a meal can decrease nonheme iron absorption by what percentage? a. 20-50 b. 30-60 c. 40-70 d. 50-80

c. 40-70

564 47. If Sue, age 22 and not pregnant, attempted to meet her RDA for iron by eating 3-ounce hamburgers, how many would she have to eat each day? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

c. 6

558 24. Which of the following breakfast cereals is most likely to interfere with the bioavailability of the iron in the enriched toast you are eating at the same time? a. Puffed rice b. Fruit-flavored Os c. Bran nuggets d. Corn flakes

c. Bran nuggets

555 2. Bert has liver disease. What trace minerals will likely be poorly regulated by his body as a result? a. Iron and zinc b. Selenium and molybdenum c. Copper and manganese d.Iodine and chromium

c. Copper and manganese

569 63. When a baby experiences iodine deficiency in utero, _____ may result. a. anemia b. Keshan disease c. cretinism d. acrodermatitis enteropathica

c. Cretinism

561 38. Iron is a component of _____ that serve as electron carriers in energy metabolism. a. hemoglobin molecules b. antioxidant enzymes c. cytochromes d. mitochondria

c. Cytochromes

556-557 21. Which of the following is true? a. The bioavailability of nonheme iron is two to three times that of heme iron. b. Absorption of nonheme iron is generally most affected by the body's need for more iron. c. Enriched foods are good sources of nonheme iron. d. Nonheme iron is found in shellfish.

c. Enriched foods are good sources of nonheme iron

562-563 42. What blood tests can the dietitian use to identify patients with mild iron deficiency? a. Hemoglobin, total iron-binding capacity, and serum transferrin saturation b. Ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and hematocrit c. Ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and serum transferrin saturation d. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum ferritin saturation

c. Ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and serum transferrin

555 6. Which of the following is true regarding trace minerals? a. Trace minerals are found in a small number of plant- and animal-based foods. b. The bioavailability of all trace minerals is regulated through absorption. c. For most people, deficiencies and toxicities of trace minerals are rare. d. There are no known instances of toxicity from any of the trace minerals.

c. For most people, deficiencies and toxicities of trace minerals are rare

555 12. _____ are excreted from the body in the urine. a. Iron and iodine b. Copper and manganese c. Iodine and selenium d. Selenium and manganese

c. Iodine and selenium

572 71. What disease is caused by a severe selenium deficiency? a. Goiter b. Cretinism c. Keshan disease d. Acrodermatitis enteropathica

c. Keshan disease

557 29. Reducing agents increase the bioavailability of nonheme iron by _____. a. storing iron in the enterocyte until the body needs more iron b. binding ferrous iron to ferric iron c. making possible the transport of nonheme iron across intestinal membranes d. preventing hemochromatosis

c. Making possible the transport of nonheme iron across intestinal membranes

574 84. Rosetta is a dietitian in a small mining town in the west. Because many of her patients and clients are miners, which mineral may be present in their bodies at potentially toxic levels? a. Copper b. Magnesium c. Manganese d. Iron

c. Manganese

574 85. A severe deficiency of which trace mineral results in scaly skin, poor bone formation, and growth faltering? a. Copper b. Magnesium c. Manganese d. Iron

c. Manganese

556 18. Which of the following foods contains heme iron? a. Green leafy vegetables b. Mushrooms c. Poultry d. Legumes

c. Poultry

573 77. According to most controlled studies conducted to date, what is the effect of chromium supplements on athletic performance and blood glucose regulation? a. The stamina of endurance athletes is increased and blood glucose levels are more stable. b. The stamina of high-intensity athletes is increased and blood glucose levels are more stable. c. There are no beneficial outcomes. d. The stamina of endurance athletes is increased; however, blood glucose levels are more variable.

c. There are no beneficial outcomes

555 8. Which of the following is a general characteristic of trace minerals? a. The amount of trace minerals in plant-based foods is consistent regardless of the mineral content of soil and water. b. The amount of trace minerals present in foods is influenced by the cooking method and the length of the cooking process. c. Trace minerals are circulated from the GI tract to the liver and throughout the body. d. Toxicities from excess consumption of trace minerals from some food sources are common.

c. Trace minerals are circulated from the GI tract to the liver and throughout the body

558 30. Which of these foods contain phytates? a. Green vegetables, milk, and cheese b. Meats, dairy products, and vegetables c. Vegetables, grains, and seeds d. Fruits, breads, and cereals

c. Vegetables, grains and seeds

577 101. Which of the following is true regarding fluoride? a. Whole grains, artichokes, and bananas are good sources. b. A very low intake of fluoride results in skeletal fluorosis. c. Very few foods are good sources of fluoride. d. Because excesses are readily excreted, there is no UL for fluoride.

c. Very few foods are good sources of fluoride

555 5. The _____ of trace minerals is influenced by many factors, such as nutritional status and other components of foods. a. stability b. formation c. bioavailability d. structure

c. bioavailability

568 62. If Sadie wanted to avoid cruciferous vegetables, she would avoid _____. a. green beans, broccoli, and sweet potatoes b. carrots, mushrooms, and spinach c. cabbage, cauliflower, and brussels sprouts d. peas, kale, and lima beans

c. cabbage, cauliflower, and brussel sprouts

566 54. Synthesis of norepinephrine and collagen requires _____. a. selenium b. zinc c. copper d. iron

c. copper

572 79. Excess chromium is excreted: a. through sweat. b. via the lungs. c. in the urine. d. in the feces.

c. in the urine

555 10. Which one of the following is the regulation site for iodine and selenium? a. Stomach b. Small intestine c. Kidneys d. Liver

c. kidneys

555 14. Enzymes that contain trace minerals are called: a. zymogens. b. trace enzymes. c. metalloenzymes. d. substrates.

c. metalloenzymes

575 92. Ferritin and metallothionine are _____ synthesized by the body to _____. a. enzymes; promote absorption of iron and selenium, respectively b. transport proteins; facilitate the absorption of iron and chromium, respectively c. proteins; block excess absorption of iron and zinc, respectively d. transport proteins; deliver iron and copper, respectively, to the liver

c. proteins; block excess absorption of iron and zinc, respectively

558 25. Dave typically has several cups of coffee with cream and sugar with his breakfast sausage. How much is his ability to absorb the iron in the sausage diminished as a result? a. 0% b. 5%-15% c. 20%-30% d. 40%-70%

d. 40%-70%

576 97. The Institute of Medicine recommends that vegans should consume up to _____% more zinc than nonvegetarians. a. 20 b. 30 c. 40 d. 50

d. 50

565 48. How much may iron requirements increase in endurance athletes? a. 10% b. 25% c. 45% d. 70%

d. 70%

555 3. How many trace minerals or "microminerals" are needed by the body? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

d. 8

557 20. More than _____% of the iron in a typical diet is nonheme iron. a. 55 b. 65 c. 75 d. 85

d. 85

573 80. How much manganese is actually absorbed by the body regardless of intake? a. <35% b. <30% c. <20% d. <10%

d. <10%

565 50. Why does a diet high in iron decrease the absorption of copper? a. Copper and iron bind together to form insoluble complexes. b. Copper depends upon magnesium for transport and iron binds magnesium. c. Copper is oxidized to its less absorbable cupric form by iron. d. Copper and iron compete for the same transport proteins.

d. Copper and iron compete for the same transport proteins

564 46. Which form of supplemental iron below is least absorbed by the body? a. Ferrous fumarate b. Ferrous sulfate c. Ferrous gluconate d. Ferric sulfate

d. Ferric sulfate

571 70. _____ is a selenoprotein. a. Thyroxine b. Superoxide dismutase c. Cytochrome c oxidase d. Glutathione peroxidase

d. Glutathione peroxidase

568 59. Which compounds inhibit iodine uptake by the thyroid gland? a. Polyphenols b. Phytates c. Iodine blockers d.Goitrogens

d. Goitrogens

574 88. Which trace mineral is needed by enzymes involved in metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and purines? a. Fluoride b. Magnesium c. Chromium d. Molybdenum

d. Molybdenum

558, 564 26. Because of the extent of iron deficiency in the U.S., some legislators want to pass a bill requiring that more foods like fruit juices and most snacks are iron fortified. As the dietitian called as an expert witness, what position will you take based upon nutrition science? a. Support the legislation because iron deficiency is widespread and the body excretes excess iron in the urine. b. Oppose the legislation because fatal iron toxicity could occur since adult males lose very little iron once it has been absorbed. c. Support the legislation because iron deficiency is widespread and the body excretes excess iron in the feces. d. Oppose the legislation because fatal iron toxicity could occur in breast-fed infants.

d. Oppose the legislation

558 27. Which of the following is an example of a chelator that binds nonheme iron, making it unavailable for absorption? a. Polyphytates b. Phenosorbates c. Phenolphytates d. Polyphenols

d. Polyphenols

571 67. What trace mineral is part of the structure of an enzyme that protects the body from free radical damage? a. Iodine b. Copper c. Manganese d.Selenium

d. Selenium

570 65. When iodine deficiency occurs in children and adults, the thyroid gland grows and becomes enlarged, producing _____, the classic sign of iodine deficiency. a. tracheatitis b. esophageal varices c. dysphagia d. a goiter

d. a goiter

575 93. Which of the following does not decrease zinc absorption? a. Iron b. Calcium c. Phytates d. Bases

d. bases

555 13. When a mineral is part of an enzyme it is called a _____. a. catalyst b. medium c. coenzyme d. cofactor

d. cofactor

565, 566 55. Sarah has frequent heartburn, so she regularly takes antacids. To lessen her risk of developing a(n) _____ deficiency she could add _____ to her diet. a. selenium, vegetable oil b. zinc, nuts c. iodine, organ meats d. copper, legumes

d. copper, legumes

560 34. The two iron storage compounds in the body are ferritin and _____. a. hemoglobin b. transferrin c. albumin d. hemosiderin

d. hemosiderin

570 68. The functions of selenium include all of the following except: a. decreasing risk for cancer. b. protecting the body from toxins and free radicals. c. slowing the aging process. d. improving bone health.

d. improving bone health

573 81. Excess manganese is excreted: a. through sweat. b. via the lungs. c. in the urine. d. in the feces.

d. in the feces

568 60. Low blood levels of _____ stimulate the pituitary gland to increase release of TSH. a. iron b. copper c. selenium d. iodine

d. iodine

567, 575 91. Dairy products are good sources of _____. a. molybdenum and iron b. copper and molybdenum c. chromium and manganese d. iodine and zinc

d. iodine and zinc

562 41. Josie is pregnant and craves red clay from her back yard. The dietitian suspects Josie has a(n) _____ deficiency. a. zinc b. copper c. iodine d. iron

d. iron

563 44. Signs and symptoms of anemia include all of the following except: a. fatigue. b. difficulty concentrating. c. compromised immune function. d. nervousness.

d. nervousness