Chapter 14

Newborns usually receive an injection of vitamin _________ to protect them against deficiency until the gastrointestinal tract has matured. A D B K

K

The nutrient essential for the synthesis of blood clotting factors is vitamin A. D. E. K.

K

Beta-carotene can be converted to vitamin A in the body. can be converted to vitamin E in the body. is a classified as a retinoid. is toxic when consumed in excess amounts.

can be converted to vitamin A in the body.

When blood osmolality increases, ___________ is released by the anterior pituitary and acts on the kidney to increase water retention. antidiuretic hormone renin angiotensin II insulin

antidiuretic hormone

Joe Smith, age 52, has a blood pressure of 145 mm Hg over 95 mm Hg. This is considered normal blood pressure. low blood pressure. hypertension or high blood pressure. None of these choices are accurate.

hypertension or high blood pressure.

Which group of foods would provide the most bioavailable zinc? refined breads and cereals oysters and other seafood spinach and leafy greens black-eyed peas and lentils

oysters and other seafood

A reliable food source of vitamin D is yellow-orange colored fruits. dark green leafy vegetables. whole grain breads. fortified milk.

fortified milk.

When large doses of zinc are consumed, the excess is excreted primarily via the sweat. the urine. the feces. expired air.

the feces.

Healthy, light-skinned individuals can make sufficient vitamin D to meet the body's needs with about ________ of sun exposure on their face, arms, and hands 2 or 3 times per week. 15 minutes 60 minutes 90 minutes 120 minutes

15 minutes

Excess amounts of most water-soluble vitamins are stored in the adipose tissue. readily excreted. stored in the liver. often toxic.

readily excreted

About 73% of lean muscle tissue is protein. water. calcium. sodium.

water

Which of the following has been associated with a decreased risk of cancer? low intakes of calcium high intakes of nitrates adequate intake of vitamin D low intakes of lycopene

adequate intake of vitamin D

Factors that can contribute to an increased risk of high blood pressure include advanced age. African-American race. BMI over 30. type 2 diabetes. All of these choices are accurate.

all

Vitamin B-12 is found in which of the following foods? orange juice dark green leafy vegetables seed oils chicken

chicken

Most B-vitamins function as fat-soluble vitamins. coenzymes. antibodies. sources of energy.

coenzymes.

In North America, population groups at increased risk of vitamin A deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT college-aged diabetics. alcoholics with liver disease. those with GI diseases that prevent fat absorption. low birth weight, premature infants.

college-aged diabetics.

The most likely cause of a vitamin A toxicity would be consuming large amounts of dark green and yellow vegetables. eating sautéed liver and onions twice a week. consuming high levels of vitamin A supplements. drinking carrot juice twice a day.

consuming high levels of vitamin A supplements.

Excess intake of zinc supplements can reduce absorption of selenium. calcium. copper. iodine.

copper

Flushing of the face and skin can result from pharmacological doses of vitamin B-6. thiamin. folate. niacin.

niacin.

In children, a severe deficiency of vitamin A often results in scurvy. night blindness. insufficient blood clotting. microcytic anemia.

night blindness.

Ingestion of vitamin C during meals can modestly improve absorption of beta-carotene nonheme iron vitamin B-12 folate

nonheme iron

The best sources of thiamin in the average diet are pork products, whole or enriched grains and cereals, and legumes. root vegetables and cheddar-type cheese. whole grains and fresh fruit. ham and vegetables of the cabbage family.

pork products, whole or enriched grains and cereals, and legumes.

In the U.S., dietary intakes of the major minerals ______ and _______ often fall short of recommendations. sodium; phosphorus calcium; phosphorus sodium; potassium potassium; calcium

potassium; calcium

The major cation in the intracellular fluid is ________, whereas the major anion in the extracellular fluid is ________. sodium; chloride potassium; chloride sodium; chloride potassium; phosphate

potassium; chloride

Bright yellow urine usually is indicative that someone is supplementing with niacin. vitamin A. vitamin K. riboflavin.

riboflavin

he B-vitamin most easily destroyed by exposure to light is biotin. niacin. riboflavin. thiamin.

riboflavin

The nutrients added to enriched grains typically include all of the B vitamins. vitamin C, pantothenic acid, folic acid, and zinc. thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and iron. vitamin B-6, folic acid, vitamin B-12, and iron.

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and iron.

Supplements of the water-soluble vitamins ______ and _______ are most likely to cause toxicity symptoms. thiamin; riboflavin vitamin B-12; pantothenic acid vitamin B-6; vitamin C biotin; vitamin B-12

vitamin B-6; vitamin C

Table salt is _____ sodium. 20% 30% 40% 60%

40%

When consumed in recommended amounts, approximately ________ of fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed. 1-5% 5-20% 10-35% 40-90%

40-90%

In an adult of normal body composition weighing 165 lb, approximately ________ lb is water. 91 55 37 116

91

Nutrients most likely to cause toxicity if consumed in excessive amounts include vitamin B-12 and vitamin K. vitamin D and riboflavin. vitamin A and vitamin D. vitamin A and vitamin E.

A and D

Which meal contains the highest amount of vitamin C? Hamburger sandwich, french fries, and cola Meat loaf, mashed potatoes and gravy, and diet cola Baked fish with lemon, broccoli, cole slaw, and strawberries Roast beef, carrots, noodles, and coffee

Baked fish with lemon, broccoli, cole slaw, and strawberries

The nutrient that can be considered both a vitamin and a hormone is vitamin E. K. D. A.

D

Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of body levels of cholesterol. calcium. prothrombin. potassium.

calcium

Which group of individuals is advised to consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily from supplements and/or fortified foods? infants the elderly athletes women capable of becoming pregnant

women capable of becoming pregnant

Good sources of folate include enriched cereals and grains. leafy green vegetables. oranges. dried beans. All of these choices are accurate.

All of these choices are accurate.

Which of the following foods represents the most nutrient-dense source of riboflavin? low-fat milk applesauce whole wheat bread green leafy vegetables

low-fat milk

One teaspoon of salt contains about ________ of sodium. 3400 mg 1000 mg 2300 mg 6000 mg

2300 mg

The body's temperature regulation mechanism depends on drinking enough water to remove heat by way of the urine. water within the body absorbing heat energy, and on the evaporation of perspiration removing heat energy. water being delivered to the lungs, where the heat energy will be exhaled as water vapor. excretion of body wastes.

water within the body absorbing heat energy, and on the evaporation of perspiration removing heat energy.

Individuals at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT elderly adults living in nursing homes. dark-skinned children with limited outdoor activity. young adults who eat high amounts of fatty fish and fish oils. individuals with diseases of fat-malabsorption.

young adults who eat high amounts of fatty fish and fish oils.

Dietary zinc absorption is increased by phytic acid. zinc deficiency. ferritin status. the amount of vitamin C in the diet.

zinc deficiency.

Symptoms of vitamin B-6 deficiency include depression, confusion, and convulsions. microcytic anemia. dermatitis. All of these choices are accurate.

All of these choices are accurate

About 50% to 90% of folate in foods can be destroyed by food processing and preparation. ultraviolet light. oxidation. All of these choices are accurate.

All of these choices are accurate.

As calcitriol, vitamin D functions in calcium and bone metabolism by reducing calcium excretion by the kidney. regulating calcium and phosphorus absorption through the intestinal wall. regulating the levels of calcium and phosphorus in bones. All of these choices are accurate.

All of these choices are accurate.

Vitamin E functions to protect cell membranes from destruction by various reducing agents. protect phospholipids in cell membranes from damage by free radicals. accept electrons, thus neutralizing the action of free radicals. All of these choices are accurate.

All of these choices are accurate.

A nutrient synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine is vitamin E. D. A. K.

K

Vitamin B-12 is supplied mostly in fruits and vegetables. cereal grains. foods of animal origin. None of these answers are correct.

foods of animal origin.

The most nutrient-dense food sources of vitamin K are green leafy vegetables. whole grain breads and cereals. nuts and seeds. oysters and shellfish.

green leafy vegetables.

Which type of dietary iron is most efficiently absorbed? non-heme iron elemental iron heme iron All these forms of iron are absorbed equally.

heme iron

Most of the iron in the body is found as a part of ferritin. albumin. hemosiderin. hemoglobin.

hemoglobin

Zinc functions as a part of immune function. antioxidant defense. DNA and RNA synthesis. Zinc is involved in all of these functions.

Zinc is involved in all of these functions.

Vitamin K deficiency is most likely to result from insufficient sunlight. kidney disease. insufficient intake of diary products. antibiotic therapy.

antibiotic therapy.

Which of the following contribute to increased risk of cancer? viruses radiation dietary fat All of these factors may increase cancer risk.

all

Individuals advised to consume calcium supplements should consume about 2,000 mg in a single dose each day. only calcium citrate as other calcium salts are poorly absorbed. an amount of no more than 500 mg with or just after a meal. the calcium supplement at the same time as other mineral supplements.

an amount of no more than 500 mg with or just after a meal.

The B-vitamin that has significant liver stores is niacin. folate. biotin. vitamin B-12.

b-12

Calcitriol is the precursor to vitamin D that is activated by sunlight. plant source of vitamin D. animal food source of vitamin D. biologically active form of vitamin D.

biologically active form of vitamin D.

In a healthy person, sodium consumed in excess of body needs is stored in the liver. excreted by the kidneys. metabolized in cells. excreted in the feces.

excreted by the kidneys.

Iron-deficiency anemia often causes symptoms of fatigue. night blindness. dental decay. dermatitis.

fatigue

The consumption of a high-protein, high-sodium diet will tend to ________ ion concentration of the urine. have no effect on increase decrease

increase

Which of the following factors increases iron absorption? high intakes of zinc high stores of iron low gastric acidity increased need for iron

increased need for iron

A high intake of vitamin E can interfere with vitamin K's blood-clotting activity. result in lead poisoning. inhibit copper absorption. cause atherosclerosis.

interfere with vitamin K's blood-clotting activity

Which compartment contains the greatest amount of body fluid? intracellular compartment extracellular compartment Both compartments contain the same amount of water.

intracellular compartment

For vitamin B-12 to be absorbed, it must be attached to an incomplete protein. intrinsic factor. bile. the protein portion of its final coenzyme form.

intrinsic factor.

The "mucosal block" theory is one explanation of how the body protects itself from excess absorption of dietary iron and zinc. iodide and chromium. fluoride and chloride. manganese and selenium.

iron and zinc.

Aldosterone is a pituitary hormone that decreases water excretion. is minerals deposited into bone that give strength and rigidity. is an adrenal hormone that increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney. is a protein-calcium complex that influences enzyme activity in cells. is an enzyme in kidneys formed in response to low blood pressure.

is an adrenal hormone that increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney.

After absorption, the fat-soluble vitamins are distributed to body cells by free fatty acids. lipases. mucopolysaccharides. lipoproteins.

lipoproteins.

Which of the following is the leading type of cancer in males and females? brain liver lung colon

lung

The richest sources of iron in the diet are fruits and vegetables. nuts and seeds. meats and seafood. breads and pastries.

meats and seafood.

The best food sources of vitamin B-6 are meats, fish, and poultry. milk and dairy products. carrots, celery, and squash. enriched breads and cereals.

meats, fish, and poultry.

The nutrient sometimes prescribed by physicians to increase HDL-cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels is thiamin. folic acid. niacin. None of these choices are accurate.

niacin

To protect riboflavin from destruction by sunlight, milk and milk products are packaged in clear glass bottles. paper and opaque plastic cartons. clear plastic bottles and cartons. any kind of container.

paper and opaque plastic cartons.

Important contributors to niacin intake in the American diet are poultry, meat, and fish. citrus fruits, kiwi, and bananas. milk, cheese, and yogurt. spinach, kale, and broccoli .

poultry, meat, and fish.

Excess amounts of most fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver or adipose tissue. excreted via the kidneys. stored in the pancreas. all of the above are correct.

stored in the liver or adipose tissue.

Vitamin A supplements are not necessary for most adult Americans as they have significant reserves in the eye. the skin. the kidney. the liver.

the liver

Persons who smoke have an increased need for vitamin B-12. vitamin C. folate. biotin.

vitamin C.