Chapter 14

The federal government prohibits states from placing status offenders in separate facilities that are similar in form and function to those facilities used for delinquent offenders. a. True b. False

T

The predisposition report includes clinical diagnosis of the juvenile and the need for court assistance, relevant environmental and personality factors, and any other information to assist the court in developing a treatment plan. a. True b. False

T

Today, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory restitution programs. a. True b. False

T

Currently, there are approximately how many juveniles being held in public and private facilities? a. 35,000 b. 57,000 c. 71,000 d. 100,000

71,000

The typical resident of a juvenile facility is a 17-year-old, European American male. a. True b. False

A

The Intensive Aftercare Program includes the goal of monitoring and testing youth for various substances. a. True b. False

F

The primary goal of JIPS is incarceration. a. True b. False

F

____________________ in the juvenile justice system is the equivalent of parole in the adult criminal justice system. a. Probation b. Bail c. Aftercare d. Detention

Aftercare

According to the text, West Virginia and Texas have the lowest juvenile custody rates. a. True b. False

F

Because of new policies instituted by President Reagan, throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, admissions to juvenile correctional facilities declined substantially. a. True b. False

F

Community treatment is based on the idea that the juvenile offender is a danger to the community and has to be supervised. a. True b. False

F

Milieu therapy, developed by William Glasser during the 1970s, emphasizes current, rather than past, behavior by stressing that offenders are completely responsible for their own actions. a. True b. False

F

Most juveniles are housed in private institutions that are administered by private corporations. a. True b. False

F

Open institutions are correctional institutions that restrict the movement of juveniles but not their adult residents. a. True b. False

F

Private facilities tend to house older youths, whereas public institutions provide custodial care for younger ones. a. True b. False

F

Reentry in the juvenile justice system is the equivalent of parole in the adult criminal justice system. a. True b. False

F

Restorative justice is a punitive strategy that attempts to address the issues that produce conflict between two parties. a. True b. False

F

Schneider and associates found that less than 30 percent of youths who received restitution as a condition of probation successfully completed their court order. a. True b. False

F

Which of the following statements is true about institutionalized youth? a. Females make up the great bulk of institutionalized youth. b. Females are more likely than males to be incarcerated for status offenses. c. Females tend to be incarcerated for longer terms than males. d. Institutions for males are generally more restrictive than those for females

Females are more likely than males to be incarcerated for status offenses.

____________________ programs are counseling programs in which peer leaders encourage other youths to conform to conventional behavior. a. Milieu therapy b. Psychotherapy c. Reality therapy d. Positive peer culture

Positive peer culture

____________________ is the primary form of correctional treatment used by the juvenile justice system. a. Probation b. Electronic monitoring c. Shelter care d. Individual counseling

Probation

_____________________ encompasses a set of rules and conditions that must be met for the offender to remain in the community. a. Aftercare b. Parole c. Probation d. Diversion

Probation

individual's childhood experiences. a. Reality therapy b. Psychotherapy c. Electric shock therapy d. Behavior modification

Psychotherapy

Which is not a residential program for juveniles? a. Group home b. Rural programs c. Foster home d. Reform school

Reform school

Which is true about restitution? a. Requiring youths to reimburse the victims of their crimes is the most widely used method of restitution in the Europe. b. The use of restitution is decreasing. c. Restitution programs can be employed at various stages of the juvenile justice process. d. Restitution is cost prohibitive for most juvenile justice systems

Restitution programs can be employed at various stages of the juvenile justice process.

Which of the following is a condition of probation that can be reviewed by appellate courts? a. Restricting a child's movement b. Voluntary treatment programs c. School attendance d. Drug court attendance

Restricting a child's movement

In ___________________, the offender is required to stay home during specific periods of time; monitoring is done by random phone calls and visits or by electronic devices. a. milieu therapy b. boot camps c. wilderness probation d. house arrest

house arrest

A policy known as __________________ mandates that a noncriminal youth should not be put in a secure institution if a community-based program is available. a. coddling tendency b. ratcheting effect c. funneling process d. least restrictive alternative

least restrictive alternative

Which statement is true regarding probation within the juvenile justice system? a. The court promises to hold a period of institutionalization in abeyance; the juvenile promises to adhere to a set of rules mandated by the court. b. In the juvenile court, probation is often ordered for a definite period. c. Generally, discretion lies with the judge to discharge youths who are adjusting to the treatment plan. d. The rules of probation are the same for every juvenile offender.

. The court promises to hold a period of institutionalization in abeyance; the juvenile promises to adhere to a set of rules mandated by the court.

What is/are a core value of the restorative justice model? a. Crime is an offense against human relationships. b. Victims and the community are central to justice processes. c. The first priority of justice processes is to assist victims. d. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following statements about balanced probation is false? a. Balanced probation is based on the principle that juvenile offenders must accept responsibility for their behavior. b. Balanced probation systems integrate community protection and individualized attention to the offender. c. Balanced probation programs are based on the view that juveniles are responsible for their actions and have an obligation to society. d. Balanced probation programs are based on the principle that juvenile offenders share responsibility for their actions with victims of crime.

Balanced probation programs are based on the principle that juvenile offenders share responsibility for their actions with victims of crime.

_____________________ is based on the theory that all behavior is learned and that current behavior can be shaped through rewards and punishments. a. Reality therapy b. Psychotherapy c. Electric shock therapy d. Behavior modification

Behavior modification

Which of the following is not included in a predisposition report? a. Influence of peers in producing or resolving the problems b. Evaluation of social functioning c. Analysis of the child's capacity for change d. Clinical diagnosis of the mother

Clinical diagnosis of the mother

Which of the following items was not identified as one of the minimum standards for all juveniles confined in training schools in the Inmates of the Boys' Training School v. Affleck decision? a. Bedding b. Personal hygiene supplies c. A change of undergarments and socks every day d. Computers

Computers

_______________________ are rules mandating that a juvenile on probation behave in a particular way and can include restitution, counseling, and educational and vocational programs. a. Probation code of conduct b. Conditions of probation c. Intake plan d. Personalized treatment plans

Conditions of probation

Which of the following is not a 20th century development in juvenile corrections? a. Reform schools began to adopt a militaristic style. b. Emphasis was placed on reception/classification centers. c. Conservation camps were utilized as a means of rehabilitation. d. Cottage systems were created for juvenile offenders.

Cottage systems were created for juvenile offenders

________________ combine elements of foster care and group home placements and are run by a single family rather than staff members. a. Rural programs b. Family group homes c. Boot camps d. Reform schools

Family group homes

_____________________ involve one or two juveniles who live with a family, usually a husband and wife who serve as surrogate parents. a. Group home programs b. Foster home programs c. Rehabilitative habitat programs d. Transitional programs

Foster home programs

_______________________ is a nonsecure residence that provides counseling, education, job training, and family living. The institutional quality of the environment is minimized. a. Group home b. Foster home c. Rehabilitative habitat d. Transitional program

Group home

What is not a goal of Juvenile Intensive Probation Supervision? a. Control b. Incarceration c. Reintegration d. Maintaining community ties

Incarceration

In __________________, a federal court argued that rehabilitation is the true purpose of the juvenile court and that, without that goal, due process guarantees are violated. a. Pena v. New York State Division for Youth b. Inmates of the Boys' Training School v. Affleck c. Santana v. Callazo d. In re Murphy

Inmates of the Boys' Training School v. Affleck

Which statement is true about electronic monitoring? a. The costs are higher than incarceration. b. Institutional overcrowding is reduced. c. Passive monitoring systems consist of a radio transmitter worn by the offender that sends a continuous signal to the probation department computer. d. Active monitoring uses computer-generated random phone calls that must be answered in a certain period of time.

Institutional overcrowding is reduced.

At what stage does a juvenile probation officer determine whether court intervention is necessary? a. Intake b. Postadjudication c. Predisposition d. Postdisposition

Intake

Balanced probation systems: a. integrate community protection, juvenile accountability, and individualized attention b. integrate retribution and deterrence c. integrate rehabilitation and victim-offender reconciliation d. integrate formal surveillance and informal surveillance of teachers, parents, and neighbors

Integrate community protection, juvenile accountability, and individualized attention

The _________________________ model offers a continuum of intervention for serious juvenile offenders returning to the community following placement. a. Intensive Aftercare Program b. Balanced Probation c. Restorative Justice d. Community Reparation

Intensive Aftercare Program

Which of the following juveniles is the most likely recipient of Juvenile Intensive Probation Supervision? a. Status offenders b. First-time property offenders c. Juveniles who would normally be sent to secure facilities d. Juveniles who would normally be waived to the adult system

Juveniles who would normally be sent to secure facilities

What state established the Lyman School for Boys, where educational and psychological services were used in an effort to improve the conduct of juveniles who are forcibly detained? a. Maine b. New York c. Massachusetts d. California

Massachusetts

Which is true with regard to minority youth in the juvenile justice system? a. Minority youths are incarcerated at a similar rate as European American youths. b. Minorities are more likely to be confined in secure, private facilities. c. Among minority groups Hispanic youths are more likely to receive more punitive treatment. d. Minority youths accused of delinquent acts are less likely than European American youths to be diverted from the court system

Minority youths accused of delinquent acts are less likely than European American youths to be diverted from the court system

Which is false with regard to the physical conditions of juvenile institutions? a. New institutional facilities house offenders with similar backgrounds together in one room. b. The most effective design for training schools is to have facilities located around a community square. c. Most institutions provide toilet and bath facilities, beds, desks, lamps, and tables. d. Data indicate 25 percent of juvenile facilities are either at capacity or overcrowded.

New institutional facilities house offenders with similar backgrounds together in one room.

Aftercare is transitional assistance to juveniles and is the equivalent to adult parole to help youths adjust to community life. a. True b. False

T

Although there are more coed institutions for juveniles than in the past, most girls remain incarcerated in single-sex institutions. a. True b. False

T

Deinstitutionalization has become an important goal of the juvenile justice system. a. True b. False

T

Group homes are nonsecure residences that provide counseling, education, job training, and family living. a. True b. False

T

Group therapy is more commonly used with juveniles than individual therapy. a. True b. False

T

In Pena v. New York State Division for Youth, the Supreme Court ruled that hand restraints and tranquilizing drugs in juvenile correctional facilities violated the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. a. True b. False

T

In the juvenile court, probation is often ordered for an indefinite period. a. True b. False

T

Inhumane conditions in early juvenile correctional facilities led to reformers creating a separate court system in 1899. a. True b. False

T

Minority youths accused of delinquent acts are less likely than European American youths to be diverted from the court system into informal sanctions. a. True b. False

T

Probation is the primary form of community treatment used by the juvenile justice system. a. True b. False

T

The cottage system was established in an effort to move away from punishment and toward rehabilitation. a. True b. False

T

Which of the following best describes the effectiveness of Juvenile Intensive Probation Supervision? a. The failure rates are very low. b. The failure rates are higher than with traditional probation. c. It costs more than secure incarceration. d. It is more effective than traditional probation at transitioning juveniles into adulthood.

The failure rates are higher than with traditional probation.

Which of the following is not an argument in favor of probation? a. Probation allows the court to tailor a program to each juvenile offender. b. For youths who can be supervised in the community, probation represents an appropriate disposition. c. Probation is often the disposition of choice, particularly for status offenders. d. The justice system continues to have confidence in deterrence and accommodates for legal controls and public protection.

The justice system continues to have confidence in deterrence and accommodates for legal controls and public protection

Programs that combine get-tough elements with education, substance abuse treatment, and social skills training are generally referred to as: a. milieu therapy b. boot camps c. wilderness probation d. house arrest

boot camps

In the second half of the 19th century, emphasis shifted from reform schools to the: a. wilderness program b. boot camp model c. cottage system d. electronic monitoring system

cottage system

The growing involvement of female youths in criminal behavior has drawn more attention to the female juvenile offender. This attention has revealed that: a. girls are less likely than boys to be incarcerated for status offenses b. institutions for girls do a better job of rehabilitation c. institutions for girls are generally less restrictive than those for boys d. institutions for girls have fewer educational and vocational programs

institutions for girls have fewer educational and vocational programs

In ________________________, all aspects of the environment are part of the treatment, and meaningful change, increased growth, and satisfactory adjustment are encouraged. a. milieu therapy b. boot camps c. wilderness probation d. house arrest

milieu therapy

The process and experience of returning to society upon release from a custody facility postadjudication is called: a. probation b. reentry c. aftercare d. detention

reentry

Murray and Cox report there is a ___________________, a reduction in the number of arrests per year, following release from a secure treatment facility. a. sensitizing effect b. suppression effect c. brutalization effect d. resiliency effect

suppression effect

In 2011, formal probation accounted for more than ______ of all juvenile dispositions. a. one-half b. one-third c. two-thirds d. one-quarter

two-thirds

Programs involving outdoor expeditions that provide opportunities for juveniles to confront the difficulties of their lives while achieving positive personal satisfaction are generally referred to as: a. milieu therapy b. boot camps c. wilderness probation d. house arrest

wilderness probation