Chapter 14 check points

Name the four groups of components found in the pons.

1. sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves 2. nuclei involved with the control of respiration 3.nuclei and tracts that process and relay information heading to or from the cerebellum 4. ascending, descending, and transverse tracts

Name the six major regions of the brain

cerebrum diencephalon midbrain pons medulla oblongata cerebellum

Which component of the diencephalon is stimulated by changes in body temperature?

changes in body temperature stimulate the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, a component of the diencephalon.

Identify the components of the cerebellar gray matter. components of the cerebellar gray matter include the cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei

components of the cerebellar gray matter include the cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei

What are cranial reflexes?

cranial reflexes are monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs that involve the sensory and motor fibers of cranial nerves. cranial reflex testing is often used to assess damage to cranial nerves or to the associated processing centers in the brain.

Damage to the amygdaloid body would interfere with regulation of what division of autonomic nervous system(ANS)?

damage to the amygdaloid body would interfere with the sympathetic("fight or flight") division of the ANS.

What symptoms would you expect to observe in an individual who has damage to the basal nuclei?

damage to the basal nuclei would result in decreased muscle tone and the loss of coordination of learned movement patterns.

Damage to lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus would interfere with the functions of which special sense?

damage to the lateral geniculate nuclei would interfere with the sense of sight

The medulla oblongata is one of the smallests sections of the brain, yet damage the can cause death, whereas similar damage in the cerebrum might go unnoticed. Why?

damage to the medulla oblongata can be lethal because it contains many vital autonomic reflex centers, including those that control breathing and regulate heart rate and blood pressure.

If the respiratory centers of the pons were damaged, what respiratory controls might be lost?

damage to the respiratory centers of the pons could result in loss of ability to modify the rhythmicity center of the medulla oblongata, which sets the basic pace for respiratory movements such as prolonged inhalation or extensive exhalation.

Which senses would be affected by damage to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum?

damage to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum would interfere with the processing of olfactory(smell) and auditory(sound) impulses.

How would decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations affect the volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles?

if diffusion across the arachnoid granulations decreased, less CSF would re enter the bloodstream, and CSF would accumulate in the ventricles. The increased pressure within the ventricles due to accumulated CSF could damage the brain.

What would happen if the normal circulation or reabsorption of CSF were blocked?

if the normal circulation or reabsorption of CSF became blocked, CSF would continue to be produced at the choroid plexuses in each ventricle, but the fluid would remain there, causing the ventricles to swell-a condition known as hydrocephalus.

Many water-soluble molecules that are abundant in the blood occur in small amounts or not at all in the extracellular fluid of the brain. Why?

many water-soluble molecules are rare or absent in the ECF of the brain because of the BBB regulates the movement of such molecules from the blood to the ECF of the brain.

From superficial to deep, name the layers that make up the cranial meninges.

outer dura mater middle arachnoid mater inner pia mater.

What name is given to fibers carrying information between the brain and spinal cord, through which brain regions do they pass?

projection fibers link the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, passing through the diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum.

What part of the brain has the arbor vitae? What is its function?

the arbor vitae, which is part of the cerebellum, connects the cerebellar cortex and nuclei with cerebellar peduncles

What brain regions make up the brain stem?

the brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

What are the primary functions of the limbic system?

the limbic system is responsible for processing memories and creating emotional states, drives, and associated behaviors

Name the main components of the diencephalon.

the main components of the diencephalon are the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

Identify the components of the medulla oblongata that are responsible for relaying somatic sensory information to the thalamus.

the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus are responsible for relaying somatic sensory information to the thalamus

A patient suffers a head injury that damages her primary motor cortex. Where is this area located?

the primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.

Which primary brain vesicle is destined to form the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata?

the rhombencephalon develops into the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

After suffering a stroke, a patient is unable to speak. He can understand what is said to him, and he can understand written messages, but he cannot express himself verbally. Which part of his brain has been affected by the stroke?

the stroke has damaged the speech center, located in the frontal lobe.

Which area of the midbrain controls reflexive movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli?

the superior colliculi of the midbrain control reflexive movements of the eyes, head, and neck to visual stimuli, such as a bright light

A patient is having a difficult time remembering facts and recalling long-term memories. Which part of his cerebrum is probably involved?

the temporal lobe of the cerebrum is probably involved, specifically the hippocampus and the amygdaloid body. his problems may also involve other parts of the limbic system that act as a gate for loading and retrieving long-term memories.

Identify the sensory nuclei within the corpora quadrigemina.

two pairs of sensory nuclei make up the corpora quadrigemina: the superior colliculi and inferior colliculi