Chapter 14

Charles V

Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563); Catholic

consubstantiation

Lutheran doctrine of the Eucharist: after consecration, the bread & wine undergo a spiritual change, become the Real Presence, but are NOT transformed

transubstantiation

Lutheran doctrine of the Eucharist; that when the bread & wine are transformed into the actual Body & Blood of Christ

Elizabethan Settlement

The term applied to English parliamentary laws passed early in Elizabeth's reign that required conformity to the Church of England & uniformity of church worship

Diet of Worms in 1521

an assembly of the nobility, clergy and cities of the Holy Roman Empire called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V; Luther's ideas were here expressed to a large audience

Council of Trent

an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Reformation; redefined the Roman Catholic doctrine and abolished various ecclesiastical abuses and strengthened the papacy

Holy Office

an official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy and to promote sound doctrine on faith and morals

Angela Merici

founded the Ursuline Order of Nuns in the 1530s to proved education and religious training

German Peasants' War

in 1525, peasants revolted in parts of Europe, because of crop failures and the nobles kept the taxes high.

John Calvin

reformer whose religious ideas inspired English Puritans, Scotch Presbyterians, French Huguenots, and Dutch Reformed

5 major conflicts between Catholics & Protestants

salvation; religious authority; leadership/pope; monastic vs. secular life; the Eurcharist (communion)

pluralism

the clerical practice of holding more than one church benefice (or office) at the same time and enjoying the income from each

Protestant

the name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups

predestination

the teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works; Calvinistic principle

Supremacy Act (1534)

Declared king the head of the Church of England

John Tetzel

Dominican Friar who was famous for selling indulgences

Book of Common Prayer (1559)

Official (parliament-approved) prayer book of the church of England, containing the prayers for all services, the forms for administration of the sacraments, & a manual for the ordination of deacons, priests, bishops

Mary Tudor

Queen who succeeded Edward VI (son of Henry VIII) and attempted to return Catholicism to England by persecuting Protestants

Roman Catholicism

Salvation is achieved by faith and good works. Authority rests in the Bible and the teachings of the church. Practiced a clerical, hierarchical institution headed by the pope in Rome.

John Knox

Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572)

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531)

Diet of Worms (1521)

A series of imperial meetings at the bishop's palace at Worms in the Rhineland where Luther defended his doctrines before the emperor Charles V. (On April 18) Luther declared his final refusal to recant those doctrines, & (on May 26) Charles V issued an imperial Edict condemning those doctrines

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.

Martin Luther

Believed that salvation comes NOT through external observances and penance but through a simple faith in Christ.

"The Imitation of Christ"

By Tomas a Kempis, extremely popular among laiety; focuses on Christians using Christ as a model for their life & to seek perfection in simplicity of life; stressed the Scriptures

Pope Paul III

Called the Council of Trent (1545-1563) during the counter reformation.

Anabaptists

General name given to several Protestant groups who believed that only adults could make an informed decision about baptism (and thus entry into the Christian community) - rejected infant baptisim. Because of their belief in pacifism & that the Christian could not participate in civil affairs (by implication the separation of church and state) Luther, Calvin, & Catholics condemned/persecuted them

John Knox (1505?-1572)

Head of the Scottish reform movement; wanted to structure the Scottish church after Calvin's Geneva; established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland (national/state church) with great emphasis on preaching & simple services; in 1560 had parliament end papal authority

Martin Luther

a German university professor and priest who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 Theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices; translated New Testament into German

iconoclasm

a challenge to or overturning of traditional beliefs, customs, and values; any movement against the religious use of images

indulgence

a document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins

Reformation

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Peace of Augsburg

a treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany/Holy Roman Empire.

Jesuits

members of the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith; they kept strict vows of poverty, obedience & chastity; also education rich & poor males alike

anticlericalism

opposition to the clergy