Chapter 14 hdfs
In the context of adult psychosocial development, which of the following is a belief held by Erik Erikson?
A failure to fulfill a natural procreative urge has negative consequences for development.
According to the typological approach to adult psychosocial development, who among the following young adults typically has the characteristics of undercontrolled people?
Abbas who is lively, spontaneous, and headstrong
In the context of the five-factor model of adult psychosocial development, according to McCrae et al. (2000) and Specht, Egloff, and Shmukle (2011), which of the following is true about young adults?
Agreeableness and conscientiousness generally increase in young adults.
In the context of Costa and McCrae's five factors of personality, according to Leger and others (2016), identify a true statement about agreeableness.
Agreeableness is associated to declines in positive affect following a stressor.
According to Aquilino (2006), who among the following emerging adults has the highest chance of success in adult roles?
Ahmed whose parents provide him financial support for his education
Why does it matter that the approach to the study of identity development was conceptualized in the United States?
Americans place an emphasis upon individualism and personal autonomy.
Which of the following is a trend related to remarriage in the United States?
Approximately 20 percent of U.S. marriages are remarriages for both spouses.
According to Phillips and Sweeney (2005), which of the following is a trend associated with cohabitation among racial or ethnic groups in the United States?
Black and Hispanic couples are less likely than non-Hispanic white couples to regard cohabitation as a trial marriage.
Salma is a 25-year-old who works at a bank. Her parents find a suitable marriage partner for her and discuss with Salma the prospect of marriage. Salma doesn't consider the man a potential spouse because she does not find him financially stable. Her parents accept her decision and continue their search for a marriage partner for Salma. Based on the given information, which of the following is most likely true?
Both Salma and her parents favor a semi-arranged marriage
Lena, a psychologist, agrees with Costa and McCrae's body of work about continuity of personality. She argues in defense of a strong genetic or maturational influence on personality. Which of the following undermine's Lena's argument?
Costa and McCrae have recently acknowledged that change occurs throughout the life span.
According to McGee (2016), which of the following is a trend associated with the acceptance of same-sex couples?
Countries in Asia and Africa tend to be less tolerant of homosexuality compared with other countries.
Which of the following is TRUE about cohabitation according to Horowitz et al. (2019)?
Couples who cohabitate, on average, are younger, more likely to be Black, and less religious.
According to the typological approach to adult psychosocial development, who among the following young adults is the most subject to depression?
David, who worries about things with uncertain outcomes and is introverted, quiet, and reliable
Which of the following is a trend related to individuals' adjustment to divorce?
Divorce tends to reduce long-term well-being, especially for the partner who did not initiate the divorce or does not remarry.
Identify a trend related to the failure of marriages.
Economic resources and work are related to divorce risk.
In the context of Erik Erikson's theory, who among the following young people is in a better position, in early adulthood, to fuse their identity with that of another?
Eitan, who knows what he is and what he needs
In the context of research by Arnett (2004) and Scharf and others (2004), who among the following has most likely performed one of the typical developmental tasks of young adulthood?
Ella who moves out of her parents' home for higher studies
According to Collins and Van Dulmen (2006), what is the primary reason why friendships during young adulthood are often less stable than in either adolescence or later adulthood?
Emerging adults relocate more frequently than do adolescents
Which of the following is TRUE about the likelihood of extramarital sexual activity
Extramarital activity is more prevalent among younger adults and husbands than among wives.
According to the typological approach to adult psychosocial development, who among the following young adults has the typical characteristics of ego-resilient people?.
Fatma, who is attentive and coherent when she has a conversation with someone
Which of the following features of identity development are NOT uniform across cultures?
Gender is an important element of identity formation.
According to the typological approach to adult psychosocial development, who among the following young adults has the typical characteristics of overcontrolled people?
Hanna, who is introverted and worries about things that have uncertain outcomes
Eighteen-year-old Thomas is the president of the student body in his school. He is organized and disciplined. He makes decisions carefully by considering the pros and cons of each option. In the context of Costa and McCrae's five factors of personality, based on the given information, which of the following is most likely true about Thomas?
He has high conscientiousness
Twenty-year-old Rodrigo has a friendly personality. He likes fun activities and has a loving nature. In the context of Costa and McCrae's five factors of personality, according to Soto (2015), which of the following is most likely true about Rodrigo?
He is high in well-being.
Alexey, a high schooler, usually worries about things that have uncertain outcomes. He is not confident about himself and is self-pitying. In the context of Costa and McCrae's five factors of personality, according to Bienvenu et al. (2001), which of the following is most likely true about Alexey?
He is subject to anxiety and depression
According to Martin et al., (2019), which of the following is a trend associated with parenthood in the United States?
In 2018, 40.1 percent of U.S. births were to unmarried women, 23 percent lower than the peak in 2007/2008.
Identify a trend associated with the typical marrying age in industrialized countries
In the United States in 2009, the median age of first-time bridegrooms was 26.3.
According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is true of adolescence?
In this stage, the focus is largely on the lifelong task of the search for identity.
Which of the following is true of Erik Erikson's sixth stage of psychosocial development called intimacy versus isolation?
In this stage, young adults either form strong, long-lasting bonds with friends and romantic partners or face a possible sense of solitariness and self-absorption.
Isla, a high schooler, has a friendly, fun-loving, and affectionate nature, whereas her classmate Harry has a retiring, somber, and reserved nature. In the context of Costa and McCrae's five factors of personality, according to Atherton and others (2014), which of the following is most likely true about Isla?.
Isla is more likely to engage in more substance use than is Harry.
Which of the following is true of the timing-of-events model of adult psychosocial development?
It holds that the course of development depends on when certain incidents happen in people's lives.
According to Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, which of the following is true of passion?
It is based on inner drives that translate physiological arousal into sexual desire.
Identify a true statement about secure ethnic identity
It is related to high self-esteem.
According to Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, which of the following is true of commitment?
It is the decision to love and to stay with the beloved.
Which of the following is TRUE of the typological approach to adult psychosocial development?
It seeks to complement and expand trait research by looking at personality as a functioning whole.
Amanda and Jennifer are friends through work and both are married. Whereas Amanda is very satisfied in her marriage, Jennifer is not. Based on the research by Twenge at al. (2003), which of the following is most probable?
Jennifer is a young new mother; Amanda is older and childless.
In the context of Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, according to Sumter et al. (2013), which of the following is a similarity between men and women?
Levels of commitment appear to be similar in both genders.
According to the timing-of-events model of adult psychosocial development, who among the following most likely experiences a normative life event?
Malak, who has become a mother for the first time
What complicates transgender identity development for many young adults?
Many transgender people must also weigh the social consequences of changing gender.
Identify a true statement about marital satisfaction in heterosexual couples.
Marital happiness is negatively affected by premarital cohabitation, extramarital affairs, wives' job demands, and wives' longer working hours
Which of the following is a trend associated with marriage?
Marriage is associated with increases in economic security for both men and women.
Which of the following is a trend associated with marital satisfaction?
Marriages seem to be just about as happy as they were a quarter century ago, but husbands and wives spend less time doing things together.
According to Livingston and Parker (2019), identify a trend related to men's involvement in parenthood
Married fathers spent more than three times as much time with child care and housework in 2016 than they did in 1965.
In the context of young adults' friendship, according to Rosenbluth and Steil (1995), which of the following is true of men?
Men are more likely to share information and activities with friends than are women.
According to Belsky and others (2003), which of the following is true about young adults' relationships with their parents?
Parents and young adult children get along best when the young adult is following a normative life course.
In the context of Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, according to Ahmetoglu and others (2010), which of the following is a trend seen in romantic relationships?
Passion is higher at the beginning of a relationship and declines over time as commitment increases.
Which of the following is true according to the timing-of-events model of adult psychosocial development
People usually are keenly aware of both their timing and the social clock
Identify a trend related to individuals' adjustment to divorce
People who argue with their ex-mates or who have not found a new partner or spouse experience more distress than do others
Identify a belief held by approximately 56 percent of adults in the United States
Sharing household chores is very important to marital success.
Nineteen-year-old Laura studies in Steps High School. According to her parents, teachers, and friends, she is innovative, interested in variety, and independent. In the context of Costa and McCrae's five factors of personality, according to DeYoung et al. (2014) and Kaufman et al. (2016), which of the following is most likely true about Laura?
She has high verbal intelligence
Twenty-year-old Yuna is an Asian American. She understands that she is part of the group of Asian Americans and the wider, diverse society of the United States. She has a positive view about her ethnic culture and the culture of the American society. In this context, which of the following is most likely true about Yuna?
She is accepting of other ethnic groups.
Nineteen-year-old Polina is somber and reserved. She is also an introvert. In the context of Costa and McCrae's five factors of personality, according to Bienvenu et al. (2001), which of the following is most likely true about Polina
She is prone to agoraphobia and social phobias
Eighteen-year-old Beatriz is a high schooler. Her parents, Rodrigo and Maria, are closely involved in her life, and they are quite affectionate toward her. According to Nelson, Padilla-Walker, and Neilson (2015), in the given scenario, which of the following is most likely true about Beatriz?
She will have high self-worth
In the context of gay and lesbian relationships, which of the following is is true as of 2018, according to McCarthy?
Sixty-seven percent of Americans support gay marriage.
Which of the following is true about the 2015 jurisprudence in the United States concerning gay and lesbian people?
The U.S. Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2019), which of the following is a trend related to men's or women's involvement in parenthood?
The labor force participation rate for mothers with children under the age of 6 years is 65.1 percent.
Which of the following is a reason why the typical marrying age has risen in industrialized countries.
The number of people enrolling for higher education has increased.
In the context of marital and nonmarital styles, according to U.S. Census Bureau (2018), which of the following is TRUE?
The proportion of young adults age 18 to 34 who have not yet married has increased from 41 percent in 1978 to 71 percent in 2018
According to Jose (2010), which of the following is true of cohabiters in comparison with others?
They are more accepting of divorce.
Which of the following is true of social networking sites according to Hampton et al. (2011); Subrahmanyam et al. (2008); and Manago and others (2012)?
They are often used to maintain and strengthen ties to others.
Why do 78 percent of employees entitled to take family leave not do so?
They cannot afford to do so.
According to Riggle, Rotosky, and Riggle (2010), which of the following is true of gay and lesbian people in those U.S. states that had legalized gay marriage and who were thus able to marry?.
They exhibited reduced levels of internalized homophobia
Which of the following is true of the trait models of adult psychosocial development?
They focus on the measurement and examination of mental, emotional, temperamental, or behavioral attributes that vary between people
Which of the following is true of the normative-stage models of adult psychosocial development?
They hold that adults follow a basic sequence of age-related psychosocial changes.
Identity status research has found that identity confusion persists for 10 to 20 percent of Western youth. Identify a true statement about these individuals.
They lack the virtue of fidelity.
According to Manning et al. (2019), which of the following is TRUE of non-Hispanic white cohabitors?
They regard cohabitation as a trial marriage and less likely to regard it as a substitute for marriage
According to Regan et al. (2012) and Myers et al. (2005), which of the following is true of couples in arranged marriages in comparison with other couples
They tend to be equally happy in their relationships.
According to the typological approach to adult psychosocial development, which of the following is true of overcontrolled people?
They tend to keep their thoughts to themselves and to withdraw from conflict.
Why do transgender people have higher rates of depression, suicidality, self-harm, and eating disorders, according to Connolly et al. (2016)?
This happens in response to societal pressures, rejection, stigma, and discrimination
Olivia disagrees with the view that young adults who fail to establish an economically viable independent household and do not move out of their parents' homes are selfish and immature. She believes that certain factors force young adults to be dependent on their parents. Which of the following strengthens Olivia's beliefs?
When compared to previous generations, young adults do not reach the same earning levels until later in life.
According to Lopez-Gay et al. (2014), which of the following is a finding related to cohabitation rates?
Within the Americas, cohabitation rates are relatively low in Mexico and the United States in comparison with the rates in Central America.
In the context of Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, which of the following is true of women according to Sumter and others (2013)?
Women report greater intimacy in their romantic relationships than do men.
Martin, a 22-year-old, is Salma's best friend. Martin's parents think that he is selfish and immature because he lives with them even after completing college. Which of the following reasons can Salma give to convince Martin's parents otherwise?
Young adults are forced to remain somewhat dependent out of economic concerns and the need to obtain schooling to a greater degree than previous generations.
Which of the following is true about friendships among young adults?
Young adults tend to rely on friendships to fulfill their social needs.
In the context of the five-factor model of adult psychosocial development, Costa and McCrae found considerable continuity within people as well as normative developmental change in all five dimensions between
adolescence and age 30
Matias agrees with Erik Erikson's belief that young people who develop a strong sense of self during adolescence are in a better position, in early adulthood, to fuse their identity with that of another. Matias is also likely to believe that
adults who fail to make strong personal commitments to their family or friends risk becoming isolated and self-absorbed.
A payment made by a groom or his family to the bride's family is known as a
bride price
A service provided to the family of a bride in exchange for the marriage is known as a
bride service
A payment by a bride's family to the newly married couple or to the groom's family is known as a
dowry
Maya agrees with the typological models of adult psychosocial development. She is likely to also believe that
ego resiliency interacts with ego control to determine whether or not behavior is adaptive or maladaptive.
Which of the following is the strongest predictor whether a person opposes gay marriage?
evangelical Christian
Twenty-seven-year-old Sara is married to Samantha. Peter is Sara and Samantha's best friend, and they consider him part of their family. Peter, who is unmarried, visits them frequently and behaves like their family member. In the context of intimate relationships, which of the following is exemplified in this scenario
fictive kinship
Although we might find _____ less adaptive in the United States, it may confer benefits in a different cultural context.
foreclosure
The most frequently cited reasons for divorce are lack of emotional support and
incompatibility
In the context of psychosocial development, the normative crisis of young adulthood is
intimacy versus isolation
Research about the effect of parenthood on marital satisfaction shows that
it typically declines during hte child-raising years, but that is not universally true.
One of the trait models of adult psychosocial development is Paul T. Costa and Robert R. McCrae's five-factor model consisting of factors, or dimensions, that seem to underlie five groups of associated traits, known as the "Big Five." Which of the following is one of these groups of associated traits?
neuroticism
Anaya is a critic of Erik Erikson's views on psychosocial development. She is likely to believe that
people who are celibate or homosexual are likely to have healthy development.
Jennifer agrees with the propositions of the normative-stage models of development. She is likely to believe that
psychosocial changes follow a definitive sequence.
Karima conducts a study to determine the period in one's life course where one is employed for the first time. She seeks to understand how one's interpersonal relationships will be affected if this event occurs later than usual. This study is primarily based on
the timing-of-events model of adult psychosocial development
Ayaan is a psychology researcher. He conducts a longitudinal study with a sample of five people to determine whether their conscientiousness changes with their age. As part of the study, he makes the participants fill questionnaires and creates personality inventories based on the responses. This study is primarily based on
the trait models of adult psychosocial development.
Habid is a psychology researcher. He conducts a longitudinal study with a sample of six people who have ego-resilient personality type. He seeks to find the extent to which their personality type can predict their life course. As part of the study, he uses behavior ratings, self-reports, and clinical judgements. Habid's study is primarily based on
the typological models of adult psychosocial development
A recent study of 106 countries showed _____ are less likely to report affiliation with a religious identity or belief system than _____.
younger adults; older adults
Rodney is a 45 year-old African American delivery driver earning approximately 46k a year. He has two sons, 13 and 11. At which age does he most likely expect them to be financially independent, going by the data obtained from Country Financial Security Index (2018)?.
16 to 18 years
According to Graf (2019), which of the following is a trend associated with cohabitation in the United States?
Cohabiting relationships tend to be less satisfying and less stable than marriages
According to Martin and Parashar (2006), which of the following is true about women's views on divorce?
Currently, college-educated women have become less permissive toward divorce than they were before.
Which of the following is a trend associated with dual-income families?
Currently, women are providing an increasingly large percentage of family income.
According to Kahn and others (2014), in the context of adult psychosocial development, which of the following is true about men?.
Identity status achievement for men appears to be related to initiation of relationships, unlike that for women.
According to Kahn and others (2014), in the context of adult psychosocial development, which of the following is true about women?
Identity status achievement for women is more strongly related to the stability of relationships than that for men.
Identify a true statement about the timing-of-events model of adult psychosocial development.
It emphasizes the individual life course.
According to Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, which of the following is true of intimacy?
It involves self-disclosure, which leads to connection, warmth, and trust
According to the typological approach to adult psychosocial development, which of the following is TRUE of ego resiliency?
It is the ability to adapt flexibly and resourcefully to potential sources of stress.
Identify a trend associated with parenthood
People in industrial societies typically have fewer children today than in earlier generations.
According to Lewis and Krieder (2015), which of the following is a trend related to remarriage?
Remarriages are more likely than first marriages to end in divorce.
________ is the only industrialized nation without paid maternity leave, although a few states have adopted paid family plans.
The United States
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018), identify a trend associated with divorce in the United States.
The divorce rate hit its lowest point since 1970 in 2014 at 2.9 divorces per 1,000 married women.
Identify a TRUE statement about men's involvement in parenthood.
When women work and earn more, fathers tend to step in and increase their with the children.
In the context of friendships among young adults, according to Rosenbluth and Steil (1995), which of the following is true of women?
Women are more likely than men to share confidences with friends
For most ethnic minority youth, there does not appear to be _____ in identity processes during early adulthood.
a crisis
Twenty-two-year-old Riya's views on marriage are different from those of her parents. She thinks that traditional marriage, with its rigid gender roles, is no longer viable in today's world. She is likely to also believe that
certain factors such as individual choices, interests, and goals should be given importance.
According to Kennedy and Ruggles (2013), the recent decline in divorce
may reflect the rise in cohabitation, which, if it ends, does not end in divorce.
Miguel, a high schooler, typically worries about things with uncertain outcomes. He is not confident about himself and is self-pitying. His classmate Alisa is calm, confident, and self-satisfied. In the context of Costa and McCrae's five factors of personality, according to Valero et al. (2014), Miguel is
more likely to be dependent on drugs than is Alisa.
In which of the following countries would the co-habitating partner of a dying loved-one not have any possibility of being considered a beneficiary of the deceased on account of the long live-in relationship?
the United States of America
Diya conducts a study to determine whether one's personality changes in common ways at certain periods throughout one's life course. She wants to understand whether such changes in personality affect one's interpersonal relationships. This study is primarily based on
the normative-stage models of adult psychosocial development.
Which of the following has the strongest influence on the religious identity of young adults, according to Smith et al. (2010)?
their inner lives
Arranged marriages typically focus on the union of
two families
When parents are heavily involved in the process of finding a marriage partner, but the young adult holds veto power over potential spouses, that is called a
"semi-arranged" marriage
Maximilian, a high schooler, is kind and compassionate. He is also trustful and helpful. In the context of Costa and McCrae's five factors of personality, according to Leger and others (2016), which of the following is most likely true about Maximilian?
He has less negative responses to stress.
