Chapter 14
Which of the following lists the correct order of the general adaptation syndrome stages?
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Select all that apply Which of the following statements are consistent with the biopsychosocial model in health psychology?
An individual's mental health status, including any mental disorder diagnoses, can impact their physical health. Social context shapes both a person's appraisal of stress and his or her ability to cope with it. The body and the mind are deeply connected.
Select all that apply Stress initiates biological changes involving which bodily systems?
Autonomic Endocrine Immune
The multidisciplinary field dedicated to studying interactions of how people behave, biological influences, and environmental influences in order to improve health and well-being is which of the following?
Behavioral medicine
Select all that apply Social support involves which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Being included in and having an obligation to participate in your social network Benefiting from feedback and information from others in your social network
Type _____ behavior patterns include being excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile.
Blank 1: A
The Type _____ behavior pattern is characterized by being relaxed and easygoing.
Blank 1: B
_____ is a kind of problem solving that involves managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress.
Blank 1: Coping
The Type behavior pattern describes individuals who are generally distressed, frequently experience negative emotions, and are socially inhibited.
Blank 1: D
_____-focused coping entails responding to the stress you're feeling rather than confronting the root problem.
Blank 1: Emotion or Emotional
_____ is characterized by a sense of commitment rather than alienation and of control rather than powerlessness, as well as a perception of problems as challenges rather than threats.
Blank 1: Hardiness
_____ psychology is a subfield of psychology that focuses on establishing and maintaining well-being and preventing and treating illness.
Blank 1: Health
_____ behaviors are practices that have an impact on physical well-being, such as exercising, eating right, and practicing safe sex.
Blank 1: Health or Healthy
-focused coping is the cognitive strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to fix them.
Blank 1: Problem
_____ is the response to circumstances and events that threaten individuals and tax their coping abilities.
Blank 1: Stress
In the stages of change model, the _____/willpower stage is the stage at which individuals begin to take steps to solve the problem.
Blank 1: action
In individuals with cancer, as well as individuals with HIV, stressors are associated with poorer immune system functioning.
Blank 1: acute
The _____ phase of the GAS occurs when an organism initially encounters a stressor.
Blank 1: alarm
Cognitive _____ refers to an individual's interpretation of an event as harmful, threatening, or challenging, and the person's determination of whether they have the resources to cope effectively with the event.
Blank 1: appraisal, apraisal, or apraisel
The _____ model in the context of psychological disorders applies to health psychology because each of the factors identified in the model applies to factors in health and health psychology.
Blank 1: biopsychosocial
Smoking, overeating, and avoidance of exercise are behaviors that are linked to _____ disease.
Blank 1: cardiovascular or heart
What sets health psychology apart from behavioral medicine is that health psychology includes _____ factors.
Blank 1: cognitive
According to research, the most important personality trait when it comes to health, healthy living, and longevity is _____.
Blank 1: conscientiousness
In the stages of change model, the stage is when a person acknowledges that there is a problem but may not be ready to commit to change.
Blank 1: contemplation
The five stages in the stages of change model, in order, are precontemplation, _____ , preparation/determination, action/willpower, and _____.
Blank 1: contemplation Blank 2: maintenance
A sense of personal _____ has been linked to a lower risk for common chronic diseases and avoiding risky lifestyle choices.
Blank 1: control
Cognitive appraisal involves deciding if an event is harmful and then deciding if is a possibility.
Blank 1: coping
In dealing with stressful circumstances, successful _____ involves a sense of personal control, a healthy immune system, personal resources, and positive emotions.
Blank 1: coping
Self- _____ is the individual's belief that they can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.
Blank 1: efficacy
Imelda has been sad lately and now has come down with the flu. Someone interested in _____ psychology might be interested in the link between her mental state and her illness.
Blank 1: health
There is a relationship between attending religious services and physical _____.
Blank 1: health or activity
CRH is a hormone shared by the central nervous and immune systems, and is key in uniting the stress and immune responses. CRH is produced in the_____ in the brain.
Blank 1: hypothalamus
Stress initiates biological changes involving the autonomic and endocrine systems, as well as the system that helps the body ward off illnesses, the system.
Blank 1: immune
Researchers have developed several preliminary hypotheses about the precise links between psychological factors, the brain, and the body's _____ _____.
Blank 1: immune Blank 2: system
Having a(n) _____ locus of control indicates that a person feels that they have a sense of personal control.
Blank 1: internal
In the stages of change model, the _____ stage is the one in which individuals successfully avoid temptation and consistently pursue healthy behaviors.
Blank 1: maintenance
Aspinwall views _____ as a resource that allows people to engage constructively with potentially frightening information.
Blank 1: optimism
According to the stages of change model, people in the _____ stage are not yet genuinely thinking about change and may even be unaware that they have a problem behavior.
Blank 1: precontemplation
The _____ or determination stage in the stages of the change model is the stage in which people explore options for actions that could solve the problem.
Blank 1: preparation or preparation/determination
Iona is in danger of failing her chemistry class. If she signs up for tutoring, her coping is _____-focused. If she calls her best friend in order to calm herself, her coping is _____-focused.
Blank 1: problem Blank 2: emotion
Social _____ is when a person turns to others who act as a sounding board or willing ear.
Blank 1: sharing
In a study examining 430 children who were orphaned, researchers found that _____ _____ was important; it was associated with higher psychological functioning and less distress.
Blank 1: social Blank 2: support
During final exam week, you may find yourself eating poorly, not sleeping, and smoking. These are effects of _____.
Blank 1: stress or stressors
Selye found that various types of stimuli called _____, such as the death of a loved one, a loss of income, or a legal problem, all result in the same stress response.
Blank 1: stressors or stressor
Joy has been working hard to stop smoking cigarettes. Recently, she hasn't been smoking, and she hasn't had to consciously remind herself not to buy cigarettes. Joy is exhibiting the concept of _____.
Blank 1: transcendence
The Type _____ behavior pattern describes individuals who are generally distressed, frequently experience negative emotions, and are socially inhibited.
D
Emotion-focused coping is never recommended.
False
Select all that apply Which of the following activities provide examples of the concept of social sharing? (Select all that apply.)
Getting reassurance from a friend Writing about life goals on a blog that friends can read Giving support to a friend who is grieving
_____ is characterized by a sense of commitment rather than alienation and of control rather than powerlessness, as well as a perception of problems as challenges rather than threats.
Hardiness
Select all that apply An increase in physical activity has been found to be related to which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Improved cognitive functioning Lower probability of depression Successful coping with stress
Which of the following is true of the field of psychoneuroimmunology?
It explores relationships among psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system.
Select all that apply Which of the following are examples of the importance of personal control in health behaviors?
Kailani tells herself, "If I stop smoking now, I will not develop lung cancer." Ezra tells himself, "I have the ability to deal with this problem."
An increase in physical activity has been found to be related to which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Lower probability of developing cardiovascular disease Successful coping with stress
Select all that apply Two cardiologists conducted a study that culminated in the first identification of Type A and Type B behavioral patterns. What were some of the observations those cardiologists made that inspired the research?
Many patients were very impatient. Chairs in the waiting rooms were worn only on the front edges
Experts in health behavior consider a relapse or a return to former unhealthy patterns to be which of the following?
Normal
Most individuals do not succeed in behavior change the first time, and they often fail in an attempt to complete a behavior change program. What is this called?
Relapse
Research has shown that social relationships are an important variable in predicting health.
True
The state of the chairs in a cardiologists' waiting room, as well as the personalities of the patients at that office, gave cause for researchers to examine personality types and heart disease.
True
-focused coping entails responding to the stress you're feeling rather than confronting the root problem.
_____ is characterized by a sense of commitment rather than alienation and of control rather than powerlessness, as well as a perception of problems as challenges rather than threats.
In individuals with cancer, as well as individuals with HIV, _____ stressors are associated with poorer immune system functioning.
acute
Selye found that various stressors, including the death of a loved one, a loss of income, or legal issues (such as being arrested),
all result in the same stress response.
Select all that apply Which of the following are aspects of cognitive appraisal?
an individual's interpretation of an event as harmful, threatening, or challenging an individual's determination regarding whether they have the resources to cope effectively with the event
In the stages of change model, the action/willpower stage is the stage during which individuals
begin to take steps to solve the problem.
A person's continuing inability to pay their bills with their current salary would be considered a(n) _____ stressor.
chronic
Jason and Jeremy both suffer from stress. Jason has longstanding financial problems, and Jeremy's father just died. Jason suffers from _____ stress, and Jeremy suffers from _____ stress.
chronic; acute
Which of the following personality traits is the most important for health, healthy living, and longevity?
conscientiousness
In the stages of change model, the stage in which a person acknowledges a problem but is still weighing the pros and cons of change is called the _____ stage.
contemplation
Select all that apply Aerobic exercise, which is sustained activity, stimulates heart and lung functioning and includes which of the following?
cycling jogging swimming
Cognitive appraisal involves _____.
deciding if an event is harmful and then deciding if coping is a possibility
Which of the following is the cognitive strategy of responding to the stress that you are feeling rather than confronting the root problem?
emotion-focused coping
Select all that apply Which of the following do health psychologists identify as behaviors that may produce positive changes in an individual?
exercising eating right having a healthy approach toward stress
At what stage of the general adaptation syndrome do negative consequences occur when coping is inadequate?
exhaustion
The preparation/determination stage in the stages of change model is the stage in which people
explore options for actions that could solve the problem.
Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion are the three stages of the _____.
general adaptation syndrome
Two health-related fields that are separate but overlap somewhat are _____, which focuses on behavioral, social, emotional, motivational, and cognitive factors, and _____. which centers on behavioral, social, and biomedical factors.
health psychology; behavioral medicine
CRH is a hormone shared by the central nervous and immune systems, and is key in uniting the stress and immune responses. CRH is produced in the _____.
hypothalamus
The maintenance stage in the stages of change model is the stage at which individuals
implement and maintain actions that will solve the problem.
Specific strategies for dealing with the challenges of making a life change are called
implementation intentions.
Which of the following is a personality characteristic that indicates a sense of personal control?
internal locus of control
Select all that apply Identify all the stages in the stages of change model.
maintenance contemplation preparation/determination precontemplation action/willpower
Implementation intentions are specific strategies for which of the following?
making a change in life more successful
Comparing smoking habits based on gender, _____.
more men smoke than women
The stages of change model breaks behavior change down into five steps that
occur over a series of progressive stages.
Select all that apply Which of the following are aspects of successful coping?
positive emotions a healthy immune system a sense of personal control
Which of the following has been found to be related to success with achieving weight loss, regular exercise, and an overall healthier lifestyle?
positive self-efficacy
In the first stage of the stages of change model, people do not contemplate change because they might be in denial of their problems. This stage is called the _____ stage.
precontemplation
Select all that apply Which of the following are involved in successful coping?
problem solving managing taxing circumstances expending effort to solve life's problems
Which of the following is the cognitive strategy of squarely facing your troubles and trying to solve them?
problem-focused coping
The field of study that explores connections among psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system is which of the following?
psychoneuroimmunology
Select all that apply Positive self-efficacy has been found to be related to success with which of the following?
quitting smoking engaging in regular exercise achieving weight loss
Select all that apply A well-balanced diet can do which of the following?
reduce the risk of cancer provide more energy lower blood pressure
A number of studies have linked participation in _____ to leading a longer and healthier life.
religious faith
During the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the individual attempts to find a way to deal with the specific stressor.
resistance
In the general adaption syndrome when dealing with an illness, which stage involves the manufacture of protective hormones and fighting off the infection?
resistance
An individual's belief that they can master a situation and produce positive outcomes is
self-efficacy
Losing weight is important for some people and typically requires dietary changes, but eating right refers to eating
sensible, nutritious foods that maximize health.
Eartha was involved in a fender bender on her way home from class. She is visibly upset by the experience and calls her friends and parents as soon as she is able. What is this is an example of?
social sharing
Which term refers to when we turn to others who act as a sounding board or willing ear?
social sharing
A study conducted with 430 children who were orphaned found that
social support from adults was associated with higher psychological well-being.
Select all that apply The theory of reasoned action suggests that effective behavior change requires the individual to have which of the following?
specific intentions to change positive attitudes about the change the perception that their social group also sees the change as positive
Breaking behavioral changes down into five progressive steps, each with its own set of issues and challenges, is typical of which of the following?
stages of change model
One theory about the link between psychological factors, the brain, and the immune system suggests that _____ directly promotes disease-producing processes.
stress
Stress management programs do all of the following, EXCEPT
teach individuals how to change their environments to reduce stress.
During which stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) might vulnerability to disease, a heart attack, or even stroke occur?
the exhaustion stage
According to Selye, the common effects on the body when an individual is exposed to stress are referred to as
the general adaptation syndrome.
One theory proposes that in order to implement effective health behavior changes, an individual needs to have a specific plan, a positive attitude, and the belief that their social group is supportive of their plan. This theory is known as the
theory of reasoned action.
Marian has been working hard to stop biting her nails. Recently, she hasn't been biting her nails, and she hasn't had to consciously remind herself not to. What concept is Marian exhibiting?
transcendence