Chapter 14 IDs

priest's or nun's vows of celibacy

Luther and Zwingli both believed celibacy went against human nature and God's commandments, and that marriage brought spiritual advantages and so was the ideal state for nearly all human beings.

Luther's opinion on the Peasants' Wars

Luther wanted to prevent rebellion. Initially he sided with the peasants, blasting the lords for robbing their subjects independence from the authority of the Roman church; it did not mean opposition to legally established secular powers

Johann Tetzil

"As soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs" A Dominican friar who sold indulgences at a high rate because of an advertising blitz.

Charles V

"God has set you on the path toward world monarchy" convinced that it was his duty to maintain the political and religious unity of Western Christendom.

Anabaptists

"Rebaptizers" by their enemies To be baptized when you are older, on your own free will

union of utrecht

The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.

Clerical Pluralism

The clerical practice of holding more than one church benefice (or office) at the same time and enjoying the income from each.

Treaty of Switzerland

allowed each canton to determine its own religion and ordered each side to give up its foreign alliances, a policy of neutrality that has been characteristic of modern Switzerland.

huguenots

french calvinists

southern germany

roman catholic

Protestant view of women

women were to be subject to men demonstrated their willingness to follow God's plan Men were urged to treat their wives kindly and considerately, but also to enforce their authority, through physical coercion if necessary. European marriage manuals used the metaphor of breaking a horse for teaching a wife obedience, though laws did set limits on the husband's power to do so

Individuals who did not want the Church and state to be unified

Called "radicals" Beginning in the 1520s, they sought instead to create a voluntary community of believers separate from the state, as they understood it to have existed in New Testament times.were often pacifists and refused to hold office or swear oaths, which marked them as societal outcasts and invited fanatical hatred and bitter persecution Protestant and Catholic authorities felt threatened by the social, political, and economic implications of their religious ideas, and by their rejection of a state church

the institutions of the christian religion

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.

politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Early Christian Reformers

Educated laypeople such as Christian Humanists and urban residents, villagers and artisans, and church officials

jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith

Local Resentment of Clerical Immunities and Privileges

Priests, monks, and nuns were exempt from civic responsibilities, such as defending the city and paying taxes. Creating a distinction between members of the clergy and laypeople.

Protestant view on Prostitution

Protestants believed marriage was the only proper remedy for lust, they uniformly condemned prostitution Brothels were condemened in Protestant citiess simply one type of "whoredom," a term that also included premarital sex, adultery, and other unacceptable sexual activities. "Whore" was also a term that reformers used for their theological opponents

lndulgence

"treasury of merits" A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins. (Criticized by Luther after Pope Leo X had archbishops sell indulgences to help fund the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica)

Martin Luther

(1483 - 1546) Studied law Became a priest at 1507 and earned a doctorate of theology. 1512 until his death in 1546, he served as professor of the Scriptures at the new University of Wittenberg. "faith alone, grace alone, Scripture alone."

Ulrich Zwingli

(1484 - 1531) Swiss humanist, priest, and most important early reformer aside from Luther. Announced in 1519 that he would preach not from the church's prescribed readings but, relying on Erasmus's New Testament convinced that Christian life rested on the Scriptures, which were the pure words of God and the sole basis of religious truth (he had the strong support of the city authorities)

Anna Reinhart

1491-1538 A Zurich widow that married Zwingli had seven children create a new and respectable role for themselves—pastor's wife—to overcome being viewed as simply a new type of priest's concubine. living demonstrations of their husband's convictions about the superiority of marriage to celibacy, and they were expected to be models of wifely obedience and Christian charity.

Katharina von Bora

1499-1532 A former nun that married Martin Luther had seven children create a new and respectable role for themselves—pastor's wife—to overcome being viewed as simply a new type of priest's concubine.living demonstrations of their husband's convictions about the superiority of marriage to celibacy, and they were expected to be models of wifely obedience and Christian charity.

"Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences."

1517 - a letter to Archbishop Albert on the subject and enclosed in Latin written by Luther that stated indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance, competed with the preaching of the Gospel, and downplayed the importance of charity in Christian life. Lore - Nailed to the doors of the Church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517

Imperial Diet

1530 in Ausberg Trying to halt the spread of religious division The Lutherans developed a statement of faith, later called the Augsburg Confession, and the Protestant princes presented this to the emperor

edict of nantes

A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France

Clerical Ignorance

Charges of barely literate priests who simply mumbled the Latin words of the Mass by rote without understanding their meaning and stories about lecherous monks, lustful nuns, and greedy priests.

Clerical Immorality

Charges of number of priests who were drunkards, neglected the rule of celibacy, gambled, or indulged in fancy dress

Three Problems Critics Focused On

Clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, and clerical pluralism. (with related problem of absenteeism)

Clerical Benefices

Clerics collected revenues from all of their offices and hired a poor priest, paying him just a fraction of the income to fulfill the spiritual duties of a particular local church. (Creating nationalistic resentment aimed at the upper levels of the church hierarchy, which was increasingly viewed as foreign.)

German Peasants' Wars

Crop failures in 1523 and 1524 aggravated an explosive situation. Nobles had aggrieved peasants by seizing village common lands, by imposing new rents and requiring additional services, and by taking the peasants' best horses or cows whenever a head of household died and peasants made demands with support from Scriptures and reformers. ((more than seventy-five thousand peasants were killed in 1525.))

the tract Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants

Firmly convinced that rebellion would hasten the end of civilized society, Luther wrote the tract

Argula von Grumbach

German noblewoman, wrote religious pamphlets supporting Protestant ideas

"faith alone, grace alone, Scripture alone."

Martin Luther's opinion that salvation and justification come through faith. Faith is a free gift of God's grace, not the result of human effort. God's word is revealed only in Scripture, not in the traditions of the church.

Reformation impact on women

Mixed: marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class Protestant women convents nevertheless provided women of the upper classes with scope for their literary, artistic, medical, or administrative talents if they could not or would not marry The Protestant emphasis on marriage made unmarried women (and men) suspect, for they did not belong to the type of household regarded as the cornerstone of a proper, godly society

Anticlericalism

Opposition to the clergy. (Shown through court records, bishops' visitations of parishes, and popular songs and printed images in the early sixteenth century)

Printing Press

Rapidly reproduced works of writing that were able to be well known very fast and included woodcuts and other illustrations, so that even those who could not read could grasp the main ideas

Luther's skill with language and in hymns

Seen in his two catechisms. linguistic skill, together with his translation of the New Testament into German in 1523, led to the acceptance of his dialect of German as the standard written version of the German language.

First Battleground of Religious Wars

Switzerland - 1520s 1531 - Zwingli killed on battlefield

Criticisms of the Church

The fifteenth-century popes' concentration on artistic patronage and building up family power. Papal tax collection methods. The papacy itself as an institution, and even the great wealth and powerful courts of the entire church hierarchy. Certain doctrines were incorrect

spanish armanda

The fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it.

Protestant

The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups. (derives from the protest drawn up by a small group of reforming German princes at the Diet of Speyer in 1529)

holy Office

The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.

predestination

The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or wor

Papacy Response to Luther's Actions and Words

Wrote a letter condemning some of Luther's propositions, ordering that his books be burned, and giving him two months to recant or be excommunicated.

Appeals to Protestant Ideas

a simpler personal religion based on faith, a return to the spirit of the early church, the centrality of the Scriptures in the liturgy and in Christian life, and the abolition of elaborate ceremonies, expanding literacy through all reading and reflection of the Scripture, the notion that the clergy should also pay taxes and should not have special legal privileges.

Catechisms

compendiums of basic religious knowledge

Treatment of Radicals

either banished or cruelly executed by burning, beating, or drowning (community spirit and heroism in the face of martyrdom, however, contributed to the survival of radical ideas))

Diet of Worms

emperor Charles V first assembly of the nobility, clergy, and cities of the Holy Roman Empire in the German city of Worms

Effects of the Peasants' Wars

greatly strengthened the authority of lay rulers the Reformation lost much of its popular appeal Peasants' economic conditions did moderately improve - lands were turned to common use

peace of ausberg

in 1555 Charles agreed to the Peace of Augsburg, which, "in order to bring peace into the holy empire," officially recognized Lutheranism each territory was permitted to decide whether the territory would be Catholic or Lutheran and was ordered to let other territories "enjoy their religious beliefs, liturgy, and ceremonies as well as their estates in peace created religious refugees

Zwingli's attacks on the Church

indulgences, the Mass, the institution of monasticism, and clerical celibacy.

Territory became Protestant when

its ruler, whether a noble or a city council, brought in a reformer or two to reeducate the territory's clergy, sponsored public sermons, and confiscated church property (supported by Protestant teachings by hearing sermons, listening to hymns, or reading pamphlets)

north and central germany

lutherian

Protestant view on divorce and remarriage

marriages in which spouses did not comfort or support one another physically, materially, or emotionally endangered their own souls and the surrounding community divorce was a desperate last resort

Protestant view on marriage

ordained by God when he presented Eve to Adam, served as a "remedy" for the unavoidable sin of lust, provided a site for the pious rearing of the next generation of Godfearing Christians, and offered husbands and wives companionship and consolation. A proper marriage was one that reflected both the spiritual equality of men and women and the proper social hierarchy of husbandly authority and wifely obedience. marriage was created by God as a remedy for human weakness

How to make reforms permanent

political authorities as well as concerned individuals and religious leaders would have to accept them. appointed pastors whom they knew had accepted Protestant ideas, required them to swear an oath of loyalty to the council, and oversaw their preaching and teaching..

ausberg confession

remains an authoritative statement of belief for many Lutheran churches Charles refused to accept it and ordered all Protestants to return to the Catholic Church and give up any confiscated church property. This demand backfired

Area of Dispute for Protestants

ritual of the Eucharist Luther believed that Christ is really present in the consecrated bread and wine, but this is the result of God's mystery, not the actions of a priest. Zwingli understood the Eucharist as a memorial in which Christ was present in spirit among the faithful, but not in the bread and wine. (The Colloquy of Marburg in 1529 summoned Protestants in an attempt to unite all ideas, but was unsuccessful)

Protestant Beliefs

salvation comes by faith alone, irrespective of good works or the sacraments. God, not people, initiates salvation. religious authority rested in the Bible alone. For a doctrine or issue to be valid, it had to have a scriptural basis. (only baptism and the Eucharist have scriptural support.) the church is a spiritual priesthood of all believers, an invisible fellowship not fixed in any place or person every person should serve God in his or her individual calling.