Chapter 14

Classic experimental studies of conformity were conducted in the 1950s by:

Asch.

During which stage of Latane and Darley's model of helping might diffusion of responsibility prevent an emergency victim from receiving aid?

Assuming responsibility to help

A relatively enduring evaluation of people, events, or objects is termed an ___.

Attitude

Mr. Muller has an unfavorable view of an offshore drilling moratorium enacted in the wake of a major oil rig explosion in the Gulf of Mexico. A social psychologist would most likely say that Mr. Muller has an:

Attitude toward the moratorium.

Prejudice is an evaluation of other people based on their group. Thus, prejudice is best seen as a type of:

Attitude.

"Birds of a feather flock together." "Opposites attract" Which of these sayings does psychological research most strongly support?

"Birds of a feather flock together."

In Asch's study on conformity, ___% of the responses overall were conforming.

37

According to the text, the average American watches about ___ hours of television each day.

4

According to the text, the most effective working groups contain ___ members.

4 or 5

Approximately ___% of the participants in Milgram's experiment were willing to deliver the maximum shock level to the participant.

65

Smith et al. found that about ___% of television programs feature some form of altruism; on average, an altruistic act is shown once every ___ minutes.

75; 20

In Asch's study on conformity, what percentage of the subjects conformed at least once when they knew their answer to be false?

76%

Normative Conformity

A change in behavior or attitudes reflecting the desire to be liked.

An attitude is an:

Evaluation

Commitment

Feelings and actions that serve to maintain the relationship

Dahlia is trying to make partner at one of the city's most prestigious law firms. It is generally understood that associates remain hard at work in the office until at least 7 or 8 each evening. This is an element of one of the firm's social ___.

Norms.

Social Psychology

The study of how other people influence out thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Prejudice

The tendency to dislike people because of their group memberships.

Behavior that helps others but that involves some self-sacrifice is termed:

altruism.

Social psychologist Leon Festinger is associated with the study of:

cognitive dissonance.

Self-fulfilling prophecies perpetuate stereotypes by...

eliciting stereotype-confirming behavior from others.

With respect to its scientific evaluation, the notion of catharsis:

has generally failed to find support in empirical research.

If we do well on a test we say, "I got an A!" If we do poorly, we say, "She gave me an F." This best illustrates:

the self-serving attributions.

In Asch's classic conformity studies, participants thought they were taking part in a study of:

visual ability.

Research has found that we can form accurate impressions of another individual:

within seconds.

Stereotype

A negative (or positive) evaluation of a particular group and its members.

Psychological Reactance

A strong emotional reaction that leads people resist pressures to conform

Aronson and Mills conducted a classic study of ___ during a group initiation process.

cognitive dissonance

Discrimination

Behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group.

Which social psychological concept is potentially most relevant to a plausible explanation of the foot-in-the-door effect?

Cognitive Dissonance

According to the text, scores on the Inclusion of Other in Self Scale relate to people's satisfaction with their close relationships and the tendency for couples to stay together. These relationships affirm the scale's:

Construct validity

One makes an attribution when one:

Decides on the causes of an individual's behavior.

What was the main difference between the Asch line-matching studies and the Sherif auto kinetic effect study?

In the Asch study there was a correct answer whereas in the Sherif study the answer was ambiguous.

In one study described in the text, a female confederate attended a lecture class 0, 5, 10, or 15 times during a semester. Later, students indicated whether they recognized the confederate and how much they liked her. In this experiment the number of time the confederate attended class is the ___ variable.

Independent

We tend to like people we see again and again: Social psychologists refer to this phenomenon as the effect of ___.

Mere exposure

Activation of the amygdala and activation of the prefrontal cortex have___ effects on aggression.

Opposite

Intimacy

Partners display caring, warmth, acceptance, and social support

Which of the following characteristics of a close relationship is correctly defined?

Passion- partners display positive affect toward each other

"Probably, he cheated on the test because he is a dishonest person." This is a ___ attribution.

Person

In determining the causes of others' behavior, we overemphasize ___ factors; this is the ___.

Person; Fundamental attribution error

The "Golden Rule" of "doing unto others" reflects the ___ norm. The "Christian duty" of helping others with no expectation of return reflects the ___.

Reciprocity; Social responsibility

Self-monitering

Regulating our behavior to meet the demands of situations

Interdependence

Relying on the other to meet important goals

According to a review by Clark and Lemay, the most important characteristic of a close relationship is:

Responsiveness.

In Juanita's community, girls are not expected to enjoy or excel at mathematics. Juanita's algebra grades drop. By the time she is a high-school junior, she is enrolled only in consumer mathematics courses. Which concept does Juanita's example BEST illustrate?

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Shannon's class presentation is better-performed than the same speech she practiced alone at home the previous evening. Tracy's class presentation, though, is worse than the same speech she practiced alone. What might you conclude on the basis of this information?

Shannon had learned her presentation better than Tracy had learned hers.

Which of the following is an example of catharsis?

Showing less aggressive tendencies after watching a violent TV show

Dr. Handy studies how other people influence out thoughts, feelings, and actions. Dr. Handy studies ___ psychology.

Social

What best describes the positive feelings we may experience at a basketball game where our team wins?

Social identity

The text suggests that the illusion of group productivity may reflect the fact that members can easily bring to mind the ideas proposed by gropu members, as well as the overall productivity of the group. Recall the cognitive biases descried earlier in the text. Which of the following biases seems most directly relevant to explaining the illusion of group productivity?

The availability heuristic

Self-Serving Attributions

We overemphasize person factors in explaining our own positive outcomes.

Fundamental Attribution Error

We overemphasize person factors when explaining the behavior of others

Causal Attribution

We try to learn about the personality of others by observing their behaviors.

"Baby face/You've got the cutest little baby face." Did the writer of this refrain get it right?

Yes. A preference for youthful faces appears to be universal.

Which psychologist is associated with the study of social facilitation and social inhibition?

Zajonc

Mr. and Mrs. Mayers encourage their growing sons to join local rugby and lacrosse leagues; they believe such sports help the boys "blow off stream." The notion that engaging in less harmful aggressive actions will curtail more serious aggression is termed ___; it is associated with the psychologist ___.

catharsis; Freud

Aronson and Mills found that an initiation:

increased liking for the group.

Based on social psychological research, it appears that familiarity breeds:

liking.

Sometimes, we change our attitude or behaviors to match those of other people because we want to be liked. This is called ___ conformity.

normative

Your text states that children who witness violence are more likely to be aggressive. This statement suggests the contribution to aggression of ___ learning, associated with ___.

observational; Bandura

When we continue to help others because our guilt is relieved when we do so, our helping behavior is maintained though:

operant conditioning.

The tendency to perform tasks better in the presence of others is called ___. In contrast, the tendency to perform tasks more poorly in others' presence is termed ___.

social facilitation; social inhibition