Chapter 14 Practice
The summary effects of the collateral ganglia include which of the following?
redirection of blood flow and energy use by visceral organs and release of stored energy
Which nerve is responsible for parasympathetic innervation of the lungs, heart, stomach, liver, pancreas, and parts of the small and large intestine?
vagus nerve
Intramural ganglia are components of the parasympathetic division that are located __________.
inside tissues of visceral organs
The processing center of a visceral reflex is the __________.
interneuron
In organs that receive dual innervation from the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, the two divisions produce __________.
opposing effects
Which of the following sympathetic receptors causes an increase in heart rate and force of contraction and an increase in metabolic activity?
Beta-1
What is the meaning of "dual innervation"?
Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions stimulate the same organ.
Why is autonomic tone important to autonomic motor neurons?
It allows for an increase or decrease of activity, thus providing a greater amount of control.
How does a medication that blocks beta receptors help a patient with high blood pressure?
The medication blocks the beta-1 receptors in the heart from stimulating an increase in the force and rate of heart contractions.
Important functions of the postganglionic fibers that enter the thoracic cavity in autonomic nerves include which of the following? a) All of the listed responses are correct. b) accelerating the heart rate c) increasing the force of cardiac contractions d) dilating the respiratory passageways
a)
Which is a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? a) The location of PNS ganglia is typically intramural. b) Preganglionic fibers are generally short. c) Postganglionic fibers are generally long. d) PNS ganglia are located near the vertebral column.
a)
Which is correct regarding neurotransmitter release in the sympathetic division? a) Norepinephrine and epinephrine interact with adrenergic receptors in the plasma membrane. b) Neurotransmitter release always involves muscarinic receptors. c) Their receptors are located on the surfaces of all postganglionic cells and at neuromuscular junctions of the SNS. d) It never involves activation of G proteins.
a)
Which of the following is a characteristic of the enteric nervous system? a) All of the neurotransmitters found in the brain are found in the ENS. b) It is found in the walls of the heart. c) The ENS contains around one million neurons. d) Many complex visceral reflexes of the ENS are initiated and coordinated through the CNS.
a)
Which of the following statements about long reflexes is FALSE? a) They bypass the central nervous system (CNS). b) Preganglionic and ganglionic neurons synapse in the autonomic ganglia. c) They are visceral reflexes. d) The sensory portion of the reflex delivers information through the dorsal root of the spinal cord.
a)
The neurotransmitter released by all parasympathetic neurons is __________.
acetylcholine
Why are the effects of parasympathetic stimulation short lived?
acetylcholine is quickly destroyed
Activation of adenylate cyclase is a mechanism of which membrane receptor?
adrenergic beta receptor
Visceral reflexes provide __________.
autonomic motor responses
What is the name for a network of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that innervate organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
autonomic plexus
Reduction in heart rate and force of contraction is a response in which visceral reflex?
baroreceptor reflex
Regarding the dual autonomic innervation of the heart, __________. a) sympathetic stimulation decreases the heart rate b) increased sympathetic stimulation combined with parasympathetic inhibition results in a decrease in heart rate c) parasympathetic effects predominate at rest d) decreased parasympathetic stimulation lowers the heart rate
c)
When comparing the SNS and ANS, which of the following are unique to the ANS? a) lower motor neurons b) somatic reflexes c) preganglionic neurons d) skeletal muscles
c)
Parasympathetic innervation of the lungs is via the
cardiac plexuses
The autonomic nervous system performs which of the following functions? a) Moving your computer mouse to select the correct answer to this question b) Comprehending what is funny about a joke c) Consolidating short-term memories into long-term memories d) Controlling respiratory functions during times of rest as well as times of activity
d)
Which of the following is NOT an effect of parasympathetic stimulation? a) Increased production of hormones that promote absorption of nutrients b) Increased smooth muscle activity in the digestive tract c) Increased digestive enzyme production d) Increased heart rate and blood pressure
d)
Which of the following is unique to the sympathetic nervous system? a) innervation of the lacrimal glands b) acetylcholine c) receptors that are G proteins d) chain ganglia
d)
How would the stimulation of muscarinic receptors in cardiac muscle affect the heart?
decreased heart rate
In the parasympathetic division, postganglionic neurons originate in __________.
intramural ganglia or ganglia associated with the target organs
Cholinergic postganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate the sweat glands of the skin and the blood vessels of the skeletal muscles are stimulated during exercise to __________.
keep the body cool and provide oxygen and nutrients to active skeletal muscles
What is the name of the endocrine gland that is innervated by the sympathetic division of the nervous system and is a modified sympathetic ganglion?
suprarenal gland
Which division of the nervous system "kicks in" during periods of exertion, stress, or emergency?
sympathetic division of ANS
Which cranial nerve provides roughly 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow?
vagus nerve (X)
How many motor neurons are needed to carry an action potential from the spinal cord to smooth muscles in the wall of the intestine?
2
Stimulation of which receptor brings about contraction of the smooth muscle in vascular smooth muscle?
Alpha-1
Stimulation of which receptor causes dilation of the airways?
Beta-2
Which of the following is NOT an effect of sympathetic stimulation? a) Constriction of airways b) Release of fats from adipose tissue c) Increased heart rate d) Constriction of veins
a)
Which is a sympathetic effect on the neurohypophysis?
secretion of ADH
Based on just the anatomy, how can you distinguish the sympathetic division from the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
the origin of preganglionic fibers
What are the receptors found at neuroglandular junctions in the parasympathetic division?
Muscarinic receptors
Why is the parasympathetic division sometimes referred to as the anabolic system?
Parasympathetic stimulation causes an increase in nutrient content in the blood.
What is the major structural difference between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers?
Preganglionic fibers are short, and postganglionic fibers are long.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS: a) always have opposing effects. b) may work together, each controlling a stage of a complex process. c) never innervate the same organ. d) cannot work independently.
b)
Visceral reflexes __________. a) can be long b) are all polysynaptic and can be either short or long c) can be short d) are all polysynaptic
b)
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter used by the sympathetic nervous system? a) Norepinephrine b) All of the listed responses are correct. c) Nitric oxide d) Acetylcholine
b)
Which of the following is not a function of the parasympathetic nervous system? a) Increased secretion of hormones that promote the absorption and utilization of nutrients by peripheral cells b) Mobilization of energy reserves through the accelerated breakdown of glycogen in muscle and liver cells and the release of lipids by adipose tissues c) Changes in blood flow and glandular activity associated with sexual arousal d) Constriction of respiratory passages
b)
Which statement is true regarding the ANS? a) Ganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia control skeletal muscles. b) The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the hypothalamus. c) There is a single lower motor neuron in the autonomic centers of the ANS. d) The cell bodies of the upper motor neurons lie within the nuclei of the brain or at the primary motor cortex.
b)
Which higher brain region is not involved in the control of the autonomic nervous system? a) Brain stem b) Hypothalamus c) Cerebellum d) Autonomic ganglia
c)
Which of the following is NOT a region where parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are found? a) spinal cord segment S2 b) medulla oblongata c) spinal cord segment T4 d) pons
c)
Which of the following is NOT an effect of the sympathetic nervous system? a) Elevation of muscle tone b) Mobilization of energy reserves c) A decrease in heart rate d) An increase in mental alertness
c)
Which of the following is a characteristic of chemoreceptors of the aortic bodies? a) They respond to the concentration of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the CSF. b) They trigger reflexive adjustments in the depth and rate of respiration. c) They are sensitive to changes in the pH, PCO2, and PO2 in arterial blood. d) They respond to the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH) in venous blood.
c)
Which of the following is a sympathetic collateral ganglion? a) ciliary ganglion b) otic ganglion c) celiac ganglion d) pterygopalatine ganglion
c)
Why is the axon of a ganglionic neuron called a postganglionic fiber?
carries information away from the ganglion
Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve entering the abdominopelvic cavity join the __________.
celiac plexus
Which autonomic plexus is found immediately inferior to the diaphragm?
celiac plexus
The intrinsic eye muscles are the target organs of neurons from which parasympathetic ganglion?
ciliary ganglion
Which ganglia are part of the sympathetic division and are located anterior to the vertebral bodies?
collateral ganglia
The effects of parasympathetic stimulation are usually __________. a) brief in duration and diverse in distribution b) long in duration and diverse in distribution c) long in duration and restricted to specific organs and sites d) brief in duration and restricted to specific organs and sites
d)
The effects produced by sympathetic postganglionic fibers in spinal nerves include which of the following? a) dilation of the pupils and focusing of the eyes b) stimulation of secretion by sweat glands c) acceleration of blood flow to skeletal muscles d) All of the listed responses are correct.
d)
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? a) Is the thoracolumbar division b) increases heart rate and blood pressure c) Is the fight-or-flight division d) Increases activity of the digestive tract
d)
Which of the following is NOT true of the cardioacceleratory reflex? a) It is coordinated by the cardiac center in the medulla. b) It is triggered by a drop in blood pressure. c) It increases heart rate and force of contraction of the heart. d) It is a short reflex.
d)
Visceral organs of the neck, thoracic cavity, and most of the abdominal cavity are target organs of which parasympathetic ganglia?
intramural ganglia
What are the receptors that are found on all ganglionic cells of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
nicotinic receptors
Which division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) innervates only visceral structures serviced by the cranial nerves or by the nerves lying within the abdominopelvic cavity?
parasympathetic division
What are the nerves that carry sacral parasympathetic output to the bladder, terminal parts of the large intestine, and the sex organs?
pelvic nerves
The LOWEST level of integration in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of __________.
regulatory centers in the brain stem that control the viscera
In the sympathetic division of the ANS, the superior mesenteric ganglion innervates the __________.
small intestine
Nuclei in which structure(s) control basic visceral reflex patterns?
spinal cord and brain stem
