Chapter 14 Psych test
inferiority complex
KAREN DOES NOT FEEL AS PRETTY AS THE OTHER GIRLS AT SCHOOL SO SHE WEARS EXCESSIVE MAKEUP TO ENHANCE HER APPEARANCE... KAREN IS EXEMPLIFYING WHICH PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUE?
womb envy (men are jealous of women because they can have a baby)
Karen Horney disagreed with Freud about women having penis envy, she claimed men have this instead....
Personal
Social learning theorists consider the impact of observational learning and _______ variables, such as knowledge and emotions, in shaping personality.
Denial
When a person refuses to accept reality of anything that is bad or upsetting. People who smoke cigarettes may ignore the risks of lung cancer because they don't think it will happen to them.
Repression
When our mind removes anxiety causing ideas from conscious awareness by pushing them into the unconscious
Reaction formation
When people act contrary to their genuine feelings in order to keep their true feelings hidden. For example, a person who is angry with a co-worker may behave in a sickly sweet manner toward them.
Adapt
When people move from one culture to another, their behavior changes as they ______ to the new culture.
Projection
When people see their own faults in other people. For example, a man who cheats on his wife may accuse his spouse of being unfaithful.
self-actualization
the humanist term for realizing one's unique potential
Ego
The part of the personality that is in touch with reality and strives to meet the demands of the id and the superego in socially acceptable ways
Superego
The part of the personality that is the source of conscience and counteracts the socially undesirable impulses of the id
unconditional positive regard
The perception that individuals significant others value them for what they are, which leads the individuals to grant themselves the same favorable opinion or view
Roles
The personalities of men and women are influenced by the _______ they are expected to play in their culture.
Differences
The second purpose of a personality theory is to explain the ___________ among people.
Issues
The third purpose of a personality theory might include explaining the everyday __________ people encounter in trying to live their lives.
psychoanalytic theory
The unconscious is responsible for our behaviors and a person is not in control of themselves
Rationalization
The use of self-deception to justify unacceptable behaviors or ideas. For example, a student cheats during a test may explain they only cheated on a couple of questions.
Humanistic
Theorists emphasize the importance of a stable internal characteristics.
Cognitive
Theorists focus on how thoughts, perceptions, and feelings shape personality.
In reaction formation replaces an unwanted feeling or desire and replace it with the opposite. Sublimation takes forbidden desires and makes them into acceptable desires.
When a person experiences unacceptable desires, with what type of feelings do they replace them in reaction formation and in sublimation?
Universal; quantified
Two basic assumptions trait theorists make about traits is that every trait is _______, or applied to all people, and they can be ______, or measured.
Positive regard
Viewing oneself in a favorable light due to supportive feedback received from interaction with others
Humanistic approach
We are free to make our own choices
Behaviorism
We learn from being positively or negatively reinforced
social learning theory
We learn through socialization and by observing others
Occurs among the indictable, the behavior of observing and the environment
What are the factors that interact in reciprocal determinism?
He understood why a person acts a certain way.
What did B. F. Skinner think was more important than understanding behavior?
He focused more on the conscious and situations than the unconscious
What did Watson think the focus of psychology should be, as opposed to the psychoanalytic approach?
Storehouse of instincts, urges, and memories
What does the collective unconscious contain?
Observational learning is where you watch what is happening in order to learn from it later on to use in something useful or in an experiment.
What is observational learning?
You determine if you want to do something based on certain factors that key into your decision.
What is self-efficiency?
Rationalization is where you make up an acceptable excuse to cover up for something. Denial is where you refuse to accept the reality of something.
What is the difference between denial and rationalization?
The most similar and most attractive by the observer.
What types of models are the most effective?
Self-efficacy expectations
A PERSON'S BELIEF THAT HE OR SHE HAS ABOUT THEMSELVES- IF THEY BELIEVE THEY CAN DO SOMETHING THEY WILL ACHIEVE IT
Live up to their full potential
A SELF-ACTUALIZED PERSON, ACCORDING TO ABRAHAM MASLOW, IS ONE WHO STRIVES TO..
Secondary
A _______ trait is a trait that only appears during certain situations.
Cardinal trait
A characteristic or feature that is si pervasive the person is almost identified with it
Factor analysis
A complex statistical technique used to identify the underlying reasons variables are correlated
Improve
A fourth purpose of a personality theory is to determine ways people can _______ their lives.
Humanistic psychology
A school of psychology that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of maximum potential by each unique individual
Source trait
A stable characteristic that can be considered to be at the core of personality
Surface trait
A stable characteristic that can be observed in certain situations
Trait
A tendency to react a situation in a way that remains stable over time
Cardinal
A(n) _________ trait is a dominant trait.
Psychoanalytic; behaviorism
Abraham Maslow created "a third force in psychology" as an alternative to _________ and __________ theories of psychology.
Humanistic
According to the _______ theory of personality, human beings have the capacity to develop their greatest potential.
Collective
According to the sociocultural theory of psychology, people are influenced by the ________ behaviors of their culture and society and not just by individual experiences.
Person; self
An individual becomes fully functioning when the _______ and the ________ become one, or coincide.
Archetype
An inherited idea, based on the experiences of one's ancestors, which shapes one's perception of the world
Behaviorists
Are especially interested in how rewards and punishments shape personality.
Label
As opposed to Freud, trait theorists do not start out by trying to ________ a behavior such as stinginess, but start out by trying to determine if it is a trait.
Behaviorism
Belief that the proper subject matter of psychology is objectively observable —and nothing else
Clients; patients
Carl Rodgers called the people he counseled ______ instead of _______ to eliminate the suggestion that they were ill.
Superego
Causes guilt for doing bad and pride for doing good
defense mechanisms
Certain specific means by which the ego unconsciously protects itself against unpleasant impulses or circumstances
Sociocultural Theory
Compares individualistic and collectivists groups of people to better understand personalities of certain cultural groups.
Superego
Conscience
Stereotypes
Critics of sociocultural theory contend that assumptions about the differences between cultures are often inaccurate and can lead to ________ about how people from other cultures behave.
conscious, preconscious (subconscious), unconscious
Freud divided the mind into three parts....
His approach is useful because if you reinforce a bad behaviors than that is all they know, but if you reinforce a good behavior than they know what is really the right thing to do.
From a scientific perspective, how is Skinners approach useful in determining something, such as what conditions reinforce a behavior?
Fully functioning
Having the person and self coincide
Abraham Maslow
He is a humanist that believes there is a hierarchy of needs- self actualization is at the top, basic needs such as shelter and food are at the bottom
Albert Bandura
He is responsible for the bobo doll experiment and the concept of social learning theory.
Alfred Adler
He is responsible for the idea of an inferiority complex.
He built up in it saying that children rely on there parents more and more as they grow older
How did Erik Erickson build up in Freud's basic theory of child development?
They think it can change by the situation or the approach on reinforcement.
How do behaviorists think behavior can be changed?
Projection is where the inside feelings are thrown out or projected to others. Displacement is where you cannot take your anger out that is the cause of your frustration.
How do projection and displacement affect people?
It makes them feel inferior and they go from learning older people things to actually doing them.
How does the inferiority complex motivate children?
Human being
Humanistic psychologists believe that all people strive for self-actualization, or the ability to realize their unique __________.
Albert Bandura
IF YOU BELIEVE CHILDREN LEARN BEHAVIORS BY WATCHING OTHERS, YOU AGREE WITH WHOM?
Conditions of worth
If someone does not accept you unless you behave a certain way, he or she is placing _________ on you.
Unconscious
The part of the mind that contains material of which we are unaware but that strongly influences conscious processes and behaviors
Needs
Maslow believed that to become self-actualized, people must first have their _______ met.
Self
One's experience or image of oneself, developed through interaction with others
Id
Our impulsive self
Id
Pleasure principle
Motives
Psychoanalytic theories emphasize the importance of hidden _______ in the unconscious mind.
Ego
Realistically moderates between desires and morals
Displacement
SUSIE GETS YELLED AT BY HER MOTHER FOR MAKING A BAD GRADE ON HER PHYSICS TEST- HER LITTLE SISTER ANNA COMES INTO HER ROOM TO ASK A QUESTION AND SUSIE YELLS AT HER IN FRUSTRATION. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF
Sociocultural
The _______ perspective on personality considers the roles of ethnicity, status and gender in shaping personality.
Conditions of worth
The conditions a person must meet in order to regard himself or herself positively
Personality
The consistent enduring and unique characteristics of a person
Characteristics
The first purpose of a personality theory is to provide a means of organizing the different ________ of people.
contingencies of reinforcement
The occurrence of rewards or punishments following particular behaviors
Id
The part of the conscious personality that contains our needs, drives, instincts, and repressed material
Collective unconscious
The part of the mind that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people
Carl Jung, after they met they completely stopped talking to each other for a whole seven years over a disagreement.
Who was Freud's closest associate and what happened to Freud's relationship with him?
Because his theory said that in human nature we tend to avoid isolation and try to group with others
Why do people join groups and conform to other people's ideas, according to Erirch Fromm?
It's limited because they may not understand why they need to change or it might affect them greater.
Why is behavioral approach to changing most people's behavior limited?
Central
_______ traits are traits that are less dominant but still useful in describing a person.
inferiority complex
a pattern of avoiding feelings of inadequacy rather than trying to overcome their source
