Chapter 14: Public Order Crime: Sex and Substance Abuse

Is there a drug-crime connection?

- Crime can cause drug abuse. - Crime can support drug abuse. - Crime and drug abuse can co-occur. - Gang activity can encourage drug abuse. - Drug abuse can lead to other criminogenic activities and environments. While there is no conclusive evidence that taking drugs turns otherwise law-abiding citizens into criminals, there are indications that people who commit crime also use drugs significantly more than the average citizen.

Brothel

A house of prostitution, typically run by a madam who sets prices and handles "business" arrangements.

Drugs and Crime

A number of sources indicate a strong association between drug use and crime.

Pedophilia (paedophilia)

A sexual attraction by an adult or late adolescent to prepubescent children, generally age 11 years or younger. A psychosexual disorder in which an adult has sexual fantasies about or engages in sexual acts with an underage minor child. A psychiatric disorder in which an adult or teen over age sixteen is sexually attracted to prepubescent children. Etiology remains unknown. Overrepresentation among men. Scandals among churches. A DSM V Diagnosis requires victims be prepubescent.

Social harm

A view that behaviors harmful to other people and society in general must be controlled. These acts are usually outlawed, but some acts that cause enormous amounts of social harm are perfectly legal, such as the consumption of tobacco and alcohol. Immoral acts can be distinguished from crimes on the basis of the _____ ______they cause. Acts believed to be extremely harmful to the public are usually outlawed; those which only harm the actor are more likely to be tolerated.

Madam

A women who employees prostitutes, supervised their behavior, and receives a fee for her services.

Arrestee data

ADAM II is a federal data collection program that shows drug use patterns among adult make arrestees. Drug-crime connection strongly supported by this data.

Obscenity

According to current legal theory, sexually explicit material that lacks a serious purpose and appeals solely to the prurient interest of the viewer. While nudity per se is not usually considered _____, open sexual behavior, masturbation, and exhibition of the genitals is banned in most communities.

• Were under the influence of alcohol or other drugs at the time of the crime. • Committed their offense to get money to buy drugs. • Were incarcerated for alcohol or drug law violations.

According to the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University found that 458,000 inmates have a history of substance abuse and either...

Enhancing the quality of life, improving interpersonal relationships, and upgrading the neighborhood's physical environment

Activities might include the creation of drug-free school zones (which encourage police to keep drug dealers away from the vicinity of schools) and consciousness-raising efforts such as demonstrations and marches to publicize the drug problem and build solidarity among participants.

Public order crimes

Acts that are considered illegal because they threaten the general well-being of society and challenge its accepted moral principles. Prostitution, drug use, and the sale of pornography are considered _____ _____ _____. Involve acts that interfere with the operations of society and the ability of people to function efficiently. These acts are banned because they conflict with social norms, customs, and values

Types of drug users and abusers

Adolescents who distribute small amounts of drugs. Adolescents who frequently sell drugs. Teenage drug dealers who commit other delinquent acts. Adolescents who cycle in and out of the justice system. Drug-involved youth who continue to commit crimes as adults. Outwardly respectable adults who are top-level dealers. Smugglers. Adult predatory drug users who are frequently arrested. Adult predatory drug users who are rarely arrested. Less predatory drug-involved adult offenders. Outwardly respectable adults who are frequent users. Drug-involved female offenders.

Pornography and the law

All states and the federal government prohibit the sale and production of pornographic material. The First Amendment and a number of court cases protect people's right of free expression - Pope v. Illinois.

• Chronic criminal offenders begin to abuse drugs and alcohol AFTER they have engaged in crime; that is, crime causes drug abuse. • Substance abusers turn to a life of crime to support their habits; that is, the economics of drug abuse causes crime. Employed drug users don't commit crime, only those who need money to support their habits. • Drug use and crime co-occur in individuals; that is, both crime and drug abuse are caused by some other common factor. Adolescents who are risk-takers may abuse drugs and also commit crime. Individuals with psychotic behavioral disorders may use drugs to self medicate and are also prone to crime. Psychosis may bring on both drug abuse and criminality; particularly those who also abuse drugs and alcohol tend to engage in higher levels of violence than individuals with other forms of mental illness. • Drug users engage in activities that involve them with peers who encourage them to commit crime or support or criminal activity. Kids who join gangs are more likely later to abuse substances and commit crime. • Drug abusers face social problems that lead them to crime. They are more likely to drop out of school, be underemployed, engage in premarital sex, and become unmarried parents. Social problems and not drug use are the cause of crime.

Although the drug-crime connection is powerful, the true relationship is still uncertain because many users have had a history of criminal activity before the onset of their substance abuse. It is possible that...

Autobump ad

An ad that stays near/at the top of the page for a limited period of time.

Temperance movement

An effort to prohibit the sale of liquor in the United States that resulted in the passage of the 18th amendment to the constitution in 1919, which prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages. At the turn of the twentieth century, temperance was fueled by the belief that the purity of the United States' agrarian culture was being destroyed by the growth of the city and the heavy drinkers (immigrants) residing there.

Gateway model

An explanation of drug abuse that posits that users begin with a more benign drug (alcohol or marijuana) and progress to more potent drugs.

Avaritia

Avarice/greed.

Behavioral treatments

Behavioral treatments help patients engage in the treatment process, modify their attitudes and behaviors related to drug abuse, and increase healthy life skills. These treatments can also enhance the effectiveness of medications and help people stay in treatment longer. Outpatient behavioral treatment encompasses a wide variety of programs for patients who visit a clinic at regular intervals. Most of the programs involve individual or group drug counseling. Residential treatment programs can also be very effective, especially for those with more severe problems. Therapeutic communities (TCs) are highly structured programs in which patients remain at a residence, typically for 6 to 12 months. TCs differ from other treatment approaches principally in their use of the community—treatment staff in those in recovery—as a key agent of change to influence patient attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors associated with drug use. Patients in TCs may include those with relatively long history of drug addiction, involvement in serious criminal activities, and seriously impaired social functioning. TCs are now also being designed to accommodate the needs of women who are pregnant or have children. The focus of the TC is on the resocialization of the patient to a drug-free, crime free lifestyle.

Paraphilias

Bizarre or abnormal sexual practices that may involve recurrent sexual urges focused on objects, humiliation, or children.

Medications

Can be used to help with different aspects of the treatment process: including withdrawal and treatment.

1. Law enforcement-type efforts. 2. Using the civil justice system to harass offenders. 3. Community-based treatment efforts. 4. Enhancing the quality of life, improving interpersonal relationships, and upgrading the neighborhood's physical environment.

Citizen-sponsored programs attempt to restore a sense of community in drug-infested areas, reduce fear, and promote conventional norms and values. These efforts are classified into what 4 distinct categories?

Sadomasochism

Deriving pleasure from receiving pain or inflicting pain on a willing partner.

Exhibitionism (flashing)

Deriving sexual pleasure from exposing the genitals to surprise or shock a stranger.

The gay marriage crusade

Determined to prevent the legalization of marriage. Objective is passage of a constitutional amendment declaring that marriage is between one man and one woman.

Moral crusades today

Draw a bright line between behavior that is considered morally acceptable/unacceptable. Abortion foes have resorted to violence and murder. - Crusaders justify their actions by claiming that society is in danger because of immorality.

When did drug use begin?

Drug use has been evident for thousands of years. In the early years of the United States, opium and its derivatives were easily obtained.

National survey on drug use and health

Drug use trends have been relatively stable during the past few years with slight declines in the use of most illegal substances.

Invidia

Envy.

Luxuria

Extravagance or lust.

Gula

Gluttony.

Prostitution today

Granting nonmarital sexual access, established by mutual agreement of the prostitute, the client and the employer for remuneration.

Binge drinking

Having five or more drinks on the same occasion (that is, at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days.

Superbia

Hubris/pride.

Regional substance abuse

Identifying the popular illegal drug of choice in that particular area.

User surveys

Indicate that people who take drugs have extensive involvement in crime.

Vigilantes

Individuals who go on moral crusades without any authorization from legal authorities. The assumption is that it is okay to take matters into your own hands if the cause is right and the target is immoral. Held a strict standard of morality that resulted in sure and swift justice when they caught their prey.

Moral entrepreneurs

Interest groups that attempt to control social life and the legal order in such a way as to promote their own personal set of moral values. People who use their influence to shape the legal process in ways they see fit.

Child pornography

It is estimated that each year over a million children are believed to be used in pornography or prostitution. Virtual child pornography.

Life Skills Training (LST)

LST is a universal program for middle school students designed to address a wide range of risk and protective factors by teaching general personal and social skills, along with drug resistant skills and education. An elementary school version was recently developed, and the LST booster program for high school students helps to retain the gains of the middle school program.

Using the civil justice system to harass offenders

Landlords have been sued for owning properties that house drug dealers, and neighborhood groups have scrutinized drug houses for building code violations. Information acquired from these various sources is turned over to local authorities, such as police and housing agencies, for more formal action.

Brothels.

Legal prostitution is typically found in...

Controlling pornography

Little evidence that pornography can be controlled or eliminated by legal means alone. Difficult to control sex for profit due to public's desire to purchase sexually related material and services. Restrict the sale of pornography within acceptable boundaries.

Legalization

Main focus: Decriminalize or legalize drugs. Problems/issues: Political hot potato; danger of creating more users. (Drug Control Strategies) Despite the massive effort to control drugs through prevention, deterrence, education, and treatment strategies, the fight against substance abuse has not proved successful. If drugs were legalized, price and distribution could be controlled by the government, causing crime rates to fall.

Source control

Main focus: Destroy overseas crops and drug labs. Problems/issues: Drug profits hard to resist; drug crops in hostile nations are off limits. (Drug Control Strategies)

Punishment

Main focus: Deter dealers with harsh punishments. Problems/issues: Crowded prisons promote bargain justice. (Drug Control Strategies)

Community programs

Main focus: Hell community members deal with drug problems on the local level. Problems/issues: Relies on community cohesion and efficacy. (Drug Control Strategies)

Law enforcement

Main focus: Police investigation and arrest of dealers. Problems/issues: New dealers are recruited to replace those in prison. (Drug Control Strategies)

Employment

Main focus: Provide jobs as an alternative to drugs. Problems/issues: Requires that former addicts become steady employees. (Drug Control Strategies)

Interdiction

Main focus: Seal borders; arrest drug couriers. Problems/issues: Extensive U.S. borders hard to control. (Drug Control Strategies)

Drug education

Main focus: Teach kids about the harm of taking drugs. Problems/issues: Evaluations do not show programs are effective. (Drug Control Strategies)

Drug testing

Main focus: Threaten employees with drug tests to deter use. Problems/issues: Evaluations do not show drug testing is effective; people cheat on tests. (Drug Control Strategies)

Treatment

Main focus: Use of therapy to get people off drugs. Problems/issues: Expensive; requires motivation; clients associate with other users. (Drug Control Strategies)

Who becomes a prostitute?

Male and female street level sex workers often come from troubled homes and backgrounds marked by extreme conflict and hostility.

Correctional surveys

Many inmates are lifelong substance abusers.

Treatment

Medications can be used to help reestablish normal brain function and to prevent relapse and diminish cravings. Medications are now available for treating opioids (heroin, morphine), tobacco (nicotine), and alcohol addiction; others are being developed for treating stimulant (cocaine, methamphetamine) and cannabis (marijuana) addiction. A significant problem: many addicts are poly drug users, requiring multiple medications.

Withdrawal

Medications offer help in suppressing withdrawal symptoms during detoxification. Patients who go through medically assisted withdrawal but do not receive any further treatment show drug abuse patterns similar to those who were never treated.

Sex tourism

Men from wealthy countries frequent semi-regulated sex areas in needy nations such as Thailand in order to procure young girls forced or sold into prostitution.

Does pornography cause violence?

Mixed evidence: some studies indicate that explicit material has little connection to violence; others studies suggest that pornography can trigger aggressive sexual inclinations

Voyeurism (peeping Tom)

Obtaining sexual pleasure from spying on a stranger while they disrobe or engage in sexual behavior with another.

• Cognitive behavioral therapy, which seeks to help patients recognize, avoid, and cope with the situations in which they are most likely to abuse drugs. • Multidimensional family therapy, which was developed for adolescents with drug abuse problems—as well as their families—and addresses a range of influences on their drug abuse patterns and is designed to improve overall family functioning. • Motivational interviewing, which capitalizes on the readiness of individuals to change their behavior and enter treatment. • Motivational incentives (contingency management), which uses positive reinforcement to encourage abstinence from drugs.

Other forms of behavioral treatment include...

Individual drug use

Overall drug usage has stabilized, but for the past few years marijuana use has risen.

Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS).

PATHS is a comprehensive program for promoting emotional health and social skills. The program also focuses on reducing aggression and behavior problems in elementary school children, while enhancing the educational process in the classroom.

Moral crusaders

People who strive to stamp out behavior they find objectionable. Typically, moral crusaders are directed at public order crimes, such as drug abuse or pornography. Operate with an absolute certainty that their way or belief is right and that any means are justified to get their way.

Project ALERT

Project ALERT is a two-year universal program for middle school students, designed to reduce the onset and regular use of drugs among youth. It focuses on preventing the use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and inhalants. Project ALERT Plus, an enhanced version, has added a high school component, which is being tested in 45 rural communities.

Project STAR

Project STAR is a comprehensive drug abuse prevention community program to be used by schools, parents, community organizations, the media, and health policy makers. The middle school portion focuses on social influence and is included in classroom instruction by trained teachers over a two-year timetable. The parent program helps parents work with children on homework, learn family communication skills, and get involved in community action.

Call girls

Prostitutes who make dates via the phone and then service customers in hotel rooms or apartments. ______ ______ typically have a steady clientele who are repeat customers.

Skeezers

Prostitutes who trade sex for drugs, usually crack.

Hustlers, hookers, or streetwalkers.

Prostitutes who work the streets in plain sight of police, citizens, and customers.

A male and female phenomenon.

Prostitution activity can best be described as...

Frotteurism

Rubbing against or touching a nonconsenting person in a crowd, elevator, or other public area.

Lions-Quest Skills for Adolescence (SFA)

SFA is a commercially available, universal, life skills education program for middle school students in use in schools nationwide. The focus is on teaching skills for building self-esteem and personal responsibility, communication, decision-making, resisting social influences and asserting rights, and increasing drug use knowledge and consequences.

Asphyxiophilia

Self-strangulation that restricts the supply of oxygen or blood to the brain in order to increase sexual intensity.

Legalize prostitution?

Sexual equality view—considers the prostitute a victim of male dominance. Free choice view—prostitution, if freely chosen, expresses women's equality and is not a symptom of subjugation. Both positions argue that prostitution should be decriminalized. Both positions have had significant influence around the world.

Acadia

Sloth.

Is there a drug gateway?

Some experts believe people fall into drug abuse slowly, beginning with alcohol and following with marijuana (the gateway drugs) and then more serious drugs as the need for a more powerful high intensifies. Other views do not support the gateway theory.

Community-based treatment efforts

Some of these programs utilize citizen volunteers who participate in self-help support programs. Some, such as Narcotics Anonymous or Cocaine Anonymous, have more than 1,000 chapters nationally. Other programs provide us with martial arts training, dancing, and social events as an alternative to the drug life.

Economic transaction

Something of economic value, not necessarily money, is exchanged for the activity.

• 78% of violent crimes. • 83% of property crimes. • 77% of weapon offenses. • 77% of probation or parole violations Source: National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA), "Behind Bars II: Substance Abuse and America's Prison Population," February 2010, http://www.casacolumbia.org/addiction-research/reports/substance-abuse-prison-system-2010.

The CASA study also found that alcohol and drugs are significant factors in the commission of many crimes. Alcohol and drugs are involved in the following...

• Since the war on drugs began, the Supreme Court has sent a consistent message that when it comes to fighting drug crime, privacy and personal liberties take a backseat. In most drug related cases brought before the Court, the majority has favored scaling back constitutional protections, clearing the way for drug policies that infringe on our rights to free speech, religious expression, and protection from unreasonable searches. Police now routinely search individuals without cause, raid homes on flimsy evidence, and engage in racial profiling. Employers, schools, and hospitals may conduct suspicion-less drug testing. • Public health problems like HIV and hepatitis C are all exacerbated by draconian laws that keep users in hiding and restrict their access to clean needles. And when they get caught and go to prison their families suffer: children of inmates are at risk of educational failure, joblessness, addiction, and delinquency. People suffering from cancer, AIDS, and other debilitating illnesses are regularly denied access to their medicine or even arrested and prosecuted for using medical marijuana. • Policies that exclude and discriminate against people with a conviction are numerous and varied and have effectively created a permanent second-class status for millions of Americans. Given the systemic racism inherent in the drug war, these lifelong exclusions inequitably affect individuals and communities of color. A drug arrest can result in even a legal resident's deportation. • A drug arrest can result in denying child custody, voting rights, employment, business loans, trade licensing, student aid, and even public housing and other public assistance. Relative to the crime being committed, the punishments for drug law violations are unjustifiably harsh and cause more harm than the drug itself. • The drug war creates racial discrimination by law-enforcement and disproportionate drug war misery suffered by communities of color. Although rates of drug use and selling are comparable across racial lines, people of color are far more likely to be stopped, searched, arrested, prosecuted, convicted, and incarcerated for drug law violations than are whites. The mass criminalization of people of color, particularly young African-American men, is as profound a system of racial control as the Jim Crow laws were in this country until the mid-1960s. • The drug war is responsible for hundreds of billions of wasted tax dollars and misallocated government spending, as well as devastating human costs that far outweigh the damage caused by drugs alone. The war on drugs has also driven the drug trade underground, creating a violent illicit market that is responsible for far too many lost lives and broken communities. Organized crime, gangs, and drug cartels have the most to gain financially from prohibition, and these profits can easily be funneled into arm smuggling, violence, and corruption. The devastation wrought by Mexican cartels in particular has made it far to costly to continue with a failed prohibition strategy.

The Drug Policy Alliance, a national organization dedicated to ending the war against drugs, cites a number of reasons why the drug war should end and drugs should be decriminalized. Give examples.

• On October 1, 1983, 12-year-old Polly Klaas was having a slumber party when a man holding a knife entered her bedroom, tied up all the girls, put pillowcases over their heads, and kidnapped the sobbing Polly. Her body was found three months later. Her kidnapper and killer, Richard Allen Davis, is currently on death row in California. • On June 5, 2002, Elizabeth Smart was abducted from her bedroom in Salt Lake City, Utah, and held captive until found nine months later. Elizabeth had been kidnapped by Brian David Mitchell, who was indicted for kidnapping and sent to a mental health facility after being ruled mentally unfit to stand trial. After six years in psychiatric custody Mitchell was deemed fit to stand trial. Found guilty of rape and kidnapping, he was sentenced to life in prison on May 25, 2011. • Between 2002 and 2004, Ariel Castro kidnapped Michelle Knight, Amanda Berry, and Georgina "Gina" DeJesus and held them in his house on Seymour Avenue in Cleveland until May 6, 2013, when Berry was able to shout through a locked door and alert the neighbors. The women had been raped and beaten continually. Knight had become pregnant five times and endured miscarriage brought on by beatings and starvation. Berry had also become pregnant and had a six-year-old daughter at the time of her rescue. After his arrest, Castro pleaded guilty to 937 criminal counts of rape, kidnapping, and aggravated murder and was sentenced to life in prison without the chance of parole plus 1000 years. Castro hanged himself in his prison cell within a month of his incarceration.

The Dugard kidnapping is not unique. What are the other cases that have received national attention?

Debating morality

The debate over morality has existed for all of recorded history. Certain crimes are believed to erode the moral fabric of society and are therefore prohibited and punished. One of the functions of the criminal law is to give expression to the collective feeling of revulsion toward certain acts.

Controlling prostitution

The federal Mann Act (1925) prohibited bringing women into the country or transporting them across state lines for the purpose of prostitution. Today, prostitution is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine or a short jail sentence. The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 makes it a criminal offense to travel abroad for the purpose of engaging in sexual activity.

Drugs and the law

The federal government first initiated legal action to curtail the use of some drugs early in the twentieth century. - Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906. - Harrison Narcotics Act, 1914. - Marijuana Tax Act, 1937. - Boggs Act, 1951. - Durham-Humphrey Act of 1951. - Narcotic Control Act of 1956. - Drug Abuse Control Act, 1965. - Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act, 1970. - The 1984 Controlled Substances Act. - The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986. - The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988.

The Criminal Justice System.

The most common way substance abusers find themselves in treatment is by way of...

Emotional indifference

The sexual exchange is simply for economic consideration. Although the participants may know each other, their interaction has nothing to do with affection. Clients believe that the lack of involvement makes hiring a prostitute less of a hassle and less trouble than becoming involved in a romantic relationship.

Classroom-Centered (CC) and Family School Partnership (FSP) Intervention

These are universal 1st-grade interventions to reduce later onset of violence and aggressive behavior and to improve academic performance. Program strategies include classroom management and organizational strategies, reading and mathematics curricula, parent-teacher communication, and children's behavior management in the home.

Law enforcement-type efforts

These may include block watches, cooperative police-community efforts, and citizen patrols. Some of these citizen groups are nonconfrontational: they simply observe or photograph dealers, write down the license plate numbers, and then notify police. On occasion, telephone hotlines have been set up to take anonymous tips on drug activity. Other groups engage in confrontational tactics that may even include citizens arrests. Area residents have gone as far as contracting with private security firms to conduct neighborhood patrols.

Guiding Good Choices (GGC) (formerly Preparing for the Drug-Free Years)

This curriculum was designed to educate parents on how to reduce risk factors and strengthen bonding in their families. In five two-hour sessions, parents are taught skills in family involvement and interaction; setting clear expectations, monitoring behavior, and maintaining discipline; and other family management and bonding approaches.

Activity that has sexual significance for the customer.

This includes the entire range of sexual behavior, from sexual intercourse to exhibitionism, sadomasochism, oral sex, and so on.

National Drug and Alcohol Facts Week (NDAFW)

This is a national health observance for teens to promote local events that use the National Institute on Drug Abuse's "NIDA science" to "shatter the myths" about drugs.

Caring School Community Program (formerly Child Development Project)

This is a universal family-plus-school program to reduce risk and strengthen protective factors among elementary school children. The program focuses on strengthening students' sense of community and connection to school. Research shows that this sense of community has been key to reducing drug use, violence, and mental health problems, while promoting academic motivation and achievement.

Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10-14 (SFP 10-14).

This universal evidence-based program offers 7 2-hour sessions, each attended by youth and their parents, and is designed to help families have better communication skills, teach peer pressure skills, and prevent teen substance-abuse. It has been conducted through partnerships that include state university researchers, cooperative extension staff, local schools, and other community organizations.

Skills, Opportunity, and Recognition (SOAR)

This universal school-based intervention for grades 1 through 6 seeks to reduce childhood risks for delinquency and drug abuse by enhancing protective factors. The multicomponent intervention combines training for teachers, parents, and children during the elementary grades to promote children's bonding to school, positive school behavior, and academic achievement.

Alcohol abuse

Users are either current, binge, or heavy users.

Victimless crimes

Violations of the criminal law without any identifiable evidence of an individual victim who has suffered damage from the crime.

1. Pedophilia or paedophilia. 2. Frotteurism. 3. Voyeurism (peeping Tom). 4. Exhibition (flashing). 5. Asphyxiophilia. 6. Sadomasochism.

What are included in the category of sexual behaviors?

1. Medications. 2. Behavioral treatments. Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse, "DrugFacts: Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction," http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/treatment-approaches-drug-addiction (accessed June 2016).

What are some effective treatment approaches for drug abuse?

• Caring School Community Program (formerly Child Development Project). • Classroom-Centered (CC) and Family School Partnership (FSP) Intervention. • Guiding Good Choices (GGC) (formerly Preparing for the Drug-Free Years). • Life Skills Training (LST). • Lions-Quest Skills for Adolescence (SFA). • Project ALERT. • Project STAR. • Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS). • Skills, Opportunity, and Recognition (SOAR). • Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10-14 (SFP 10-14). • National Drug and Alcohol Facts Week (NDAFW). Sources: • National Institute on Drug Abuse, "Preventing Drug Use Among Children and Adolescents," https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/preventing-drug-abuse-among-children-adolescents/preface; • NIDA for Teens, "National Drug and Alcohol Facts Week," https://teens.drugabuse.gov/national-drug-alcohol-facts-week; • Melissa H. Stigler, Emily Neusel, and Cheryl L. Perry, "School-Based Programs to Prevent and Reduce Alcohol Use Among Youth," 'Alcohol Research and Health' 34 (2012), http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh342/157-162.htm. (URLs accessed June 2016.)

What are some of the widely used school-based drug prevention programs?

1. Subcultural view. 2. Psychological view. 3. Genetic factors. 4. Social learning. 5. Problem Behavior Syndrome (PBS). 6. Rational choice.

What are the different views of what causes substance abuse?

1. Paraphilias. 2. Prostitution. 3. Pornography.

What are the three most common sexually related offenses?

1. Abuse. 2. Dependence.

What are the two types of substance abuse diagnosis?

1. Streetwalkers. 2. Bar girls. 3. Brothel prostitutes. 4. Madam. 5. Call girls. 6. Escort services/call houses. 7. Circuit travelers. 8. Skeezers. 9. Massage parlors/photo studios. 10. Child prostitution.

What are the types of prostitutes?

• Cross train drug, sex, and weapons trade investigators to better understand circuits and overlaps. • Continue using federal and local partnerships to disrupt travel circuits and identify pimps. • Offer law-enforcement training for both victim and offender interview techniques, including identifying signs of psychological manipulation. • Increase awareness among school officials and the general public about the realities of sex trafficking to deter victimization and entry into the sex trade. • Consistently enforce the laws for offenders to diminish low risk perception. • Impose more fines for ad host websites. Source: Meredith Dank, Bilal Khan, P. Mitchell Downey, Cybele Kotonias, Debbie Mayer, Colleen Owens, Laura Pacifici, and Lilly Yu, 'Estimating the Size and Structure of the Underground Commerical Sex Economy in Eight Major US Cities' (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2014), http://urban.org/publications/413047.html (accessed June 2016).

What can be done to reduce or control the incidence of prostitution?

• Activity that has sexual significance for the customer. • Economic transaction. • Emotional indifferences

What conditions are usually present in an commercial sexual transaction?

• Men who are predisposed to violence are more likely to be sexually aggressive towards women if they are exposed to adult material with themes of rape, violence, and/or sadism. • There is an association between watching violent pornography and engaging in domestic violence. • Serial killers have been found to collect and watch violent pornography. Some make their own "snuff" films starring their victims. • Men who are both at high risk for sexual aggression and who are very frequent users of pornography are much more likely to engage in sexual aggression than their counterparts who consume pornography less frequently.

While the pornography-violence link seems at best modest, there is a much clearer association between pornography with a violent theme and sexual violence. Research shows that...

Drug production and importation

World-wide drug epidemic may be abating, as drug cultivation is in decline.

Ira

Wrath.

John schools

_____ ______ focus on clients and attempt through education to steer them away from prostitution. One of the first, called the John Group, is a court-based program located in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The John Group is a court ordered treatment program that can be required as a condition of probation from men arrested for soliciting prostitutes. The intervention includes 4 group counseling sessions of about one hour each and 1 individual group session lasting about two hours. The group sessions convey information about prostitution, including legal consequences, health risks, impact on survivors (including testimony from former prostitutes) and communities, sexual addiction, pimping, and healthy relationships. The individual session is where offenders develop plans for addressing how they will meet their needs through more prosocial avenues in the future. In addition, the program includes a mandatory screening for STDs and HIV. San Francisco's First Offender Prostitution Program (FOPP) is offered to arrestees who are given the choice of paying a fee and attending a one day class (_____ _____) or being prosecuted. The program is a partnership of the San Francisco district attorney's office, the San Francisco Police Department, and a local nonprofit organization, Standing Against Global Exploitation (SAGE). Client fees support all of the costs of conducting the _____ _____ classes, as well as subsidizing police vice operations, the screening and processing of arrestees, and recovery programs for women and girls involved in commercial sex. Evaluations of the program by an independent research group (Abt Associates) found the program has been effective in substantially reducing recidivism among men arrested for soliciting prostitutes. The program has been successfully replicated in 12 other U.S. sites and adapted in more than 25 additional U.S. sites; many others are considering adopting similar programs. Source: Michael Shively, Sarah Kuck Jalbert, Ryan Kling, William Rhodes, Peter Finn, Chris Flygare, Laura Tierney, David Squires, Christina Dyous, Kristin Wheeler, and Dana Hunt, 'Fissl Report on the Evaluation of the First Offender Prostitution Program' (Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates, 2008), http://www.abtassociates.com/reports/FOPP_Evaluation_Full_report.pdf (accessed June 2016).

Pornography

sexually explicit books, magazines, films, or other media intended to provide sexual titillation and excitement for paying customers.

Incidence of prostitution

the UCR indicates that about 80,000 prostitution arrests are made annually, with the gender ratio about two to one female to male.

Prostitution

the granting of nonmarital sexual access for remuneration. The term derives from the Latin 'prostituere', which means "to cause to stand in front of."