Chapter 14 quiz

________ refers to a selfless concern for and giving of aid to others. a. Altruism b. Egotism c. Elitism d. Agnosticism

a. Altruism

Which of the following terms is defined as the preferential treatment of certain people that is usually driven by prejudicial attitudes? a. Discrimination b. Abstraction c. Obedience d. Deception

a. Discrimination

________ is an attempt by a person or group to change our opinions, beliefs, or choices by explaining or arguing their position. a. Persuasion b. Deception c. Abstraction d. Attribution

a. Persuasion

Which of the following terms is defined as oversimplified perspectives of people based solely on their group membership? a. schemas b. attributions c. stereotypes d. dispositions

c. stereotypes

making situational attributes for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes is known as a(n) ______ a. normative social influence b. out-group homogeneity c. fundamental attribution error d. self-serving bias

d. self-serving bias

Martha, a business executive, does not consider a highly qualified male applicant for a high-level management job because she is convinced that men are not capable of leading an organization. In this scenario, Martha's behavior illustrates ______ a. altruism. b. prosocial behavior. c. cognitive dissonance. d. sexism.

d. sexism.

Oscar, a magician, performs better on the stage when there are more people watching him perform. This is an example of ______ a. normative social influence. b. cognitive dissonance. c. a self-serving bias. d. social facilitation.

d. social facilitation.

Which of the following is true about situational attributions? a. Situational attributions are otherwise known as external attributions. b. Situational attributions rely on misleading cues. c. Schemas about the social world are developed with the help of situational attributions. d. People make situational attributions when they think that a person's character, such as his or her

a. Situational attributions are otherwise known as external attributions.

which of the following is true about social norms? a. They are rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives. b. They are habits that people cannot overcome. c. They are environmental factors that enable people to perform a task better in the presence of others. d. They are the same across cultures.

a. They are rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives.

Louis says he got a "D" on the psychology test because the test was hard and an "A" on the English test because he prepared well. This scenario is an example of ______ a. a self-serving bias. b. actor-observer bias. c. ultimate attribution error. d. fundamental attribution error.

a. a self-serving bias.

Andreas is a huge Los Angeles Lakers fan. His love for the team demonstrates the ________ component of his attitude. a. affective b. behavioral c. informational d. cognitive

a. affective

one of the advantages that group living offers to human evolution is ______ a. ensured safety and cooperation b. increased self-esteem c. the means to end financial instability d. the increased potential of intraspecies recognition

a. ensured saftey and cooperation

the implicit associations test (IAT) was designed to measure ______ a. implicit biases b. explicit prejudices c. implicit memory d. long-term potentiation

a. implicit biases

Which of the following is true about normative social influence? a. it occurs when people go along with the behavior of others in order to be accepted by the group. b. It is most pronounced in ambiguous or novel situations. c. It affects a person's opinions, but not behavior. d. It occurs when the presence of others causes individuals to relax their standards.

a. it occurs when people go along with the behavior of others in order to be accepted by the group.

Troy, who lives in the United States, has the habit of burping at the dinner table. In this scenario, he is violating a social ______ a. norm b. rule c. ethic d. law

a. norm

Harry, a professional athlete, listens to his fitness instructor and follows all his instructions carefully without fail. Harry's behavior is an example of ______ a. obedience. b. abstraction. c. ignorance. d. discrimination.

a. obedience.

Psychologist Stanley Milgram's experiments show that: a. reasonable people may do things that seem cruel and unusual in the presence of powerful social influence. b. people tend to make situational attributions for their failures and dispositional attributions for their successes. c. people tend to explain others' behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms. d. reasonable people try to figure out others by judging whether or not they are being truthful.

a. reasonable people may do things that seem cruel and unusual in the presence of powerful social influence.

mike thinks that women should not be promoted to managerial positions because he feels that women lack management skills. his thinking is an example of ______. a. sexism b. out-group homogeneity c. racism d. groupthink

a. sexism

which of the following theories suggests that men and women often approach relationships differently? a. sexual strategies theory b. social exchange theory c. out-group homogeneity d. cognitive-dissonance theory

a. sexual strategies theory

______ are ways of knowing that affect how one views his or her social world. a. schemas b. dispositions c. normative social influence d. attributions

a. shemas

tom and his teammate are given the task of working on an important presentation. tom does not contribute much because he is sure that his teammates can handle the presentation by themselves. this is an example of ______ a. social loafing b. a self-serving bias c. reciprocal altruism d. cognitive dissonance

a. social loafing

social loafing occurs most likely as a result of ______ a. the diffusion of responsibility b. the fundamental attribution c. a need for affiliation d. a self-fulfilling prophecy

a. the diffusion of responsibility

Margaret and Jack are working on a high-priority project with a tight deadline. When Margaret is unable to meet the deadline, Jack attributes it to her clumsiness. However, when he is unable to meet the same deadline, he blames it on poor planning by his manager. This scenario exemplifies ______ a. the fundamental attribution error. b. groupthink c. conformity d. an informational social influence

a. the fundamental attribution error.

Social facilitation occurs most frequently when we are performing tasks that ______ a. we usually perform well. b. we are unfamiliar with. c. others do not want us to perform. d. we think as highly rewarding.

a. we usually perform well.

which of the following is true about dispositional attributions? a. People display a self-serving bias when they make dispositional attributions to their failures. b. Dispositional attributions are otherwise known as internal attributions. c. Dispositional attributions rely on misleading cues. d. Schemas about the social world are developed with the help of dispositional attributions.

b. Dispositional attributions are otherwise known as internal attributions.

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias? a. Natalie sings better in front of an audience than when she sings by herself. b. Melisa attributes her successes to her hard work and attributes her failures to bad luck. c. Gerard relaxes his standard of productivity when he knows that his teammates are working on the same project. d. Linda believes that both she and her friend performed poorly on a test as the test was hard.

b. Melisa attributes her successes to her hard work and attributes her failures to bad luck.

Which of the following is an example of social facilitation? a. amy turns angry and violent after losing her terrier. b. Natalia works better at meeting deadlines when she is not the only one working on a project. c. Joe and a group of tourists he is guiding witness a crime but do not move forward to help, thinking that the other witnesses will. d. Tom allows himself to get persuaded by his peers to drink a few extra beers.

b. Natalia works better at meeting deadlines when she is not the only one working on a project.

which of the following is true about prejudice? a. A prejudice is the tendency to explain others' behaviors in dispositional rather than situational terms. b. Prejudicial thinking often stems from stereotypes rather than from careful observation of people's behavior. c. Prejudices are generally positive and often based on sufficient information. d. A prejudice is a feeling of discomfort caused by information that is at odds with one's conception of oneself as a reasonable and sensible person.

b. Prejudicial thinking often stems from stereotypes rather than from careful observation of people's behavior.

________ is the act of helping others in the hope that they will help you in the future. a. Competitive altruism b. Reciprocal altruism c. Kin selection d. Ethnocentrism

b. Reciprocal altruism

________ is the act of helping others in the hope that they will help you in the future. a. Competitive altruism b. Reciprocal altruism c. kin selection d. ethnocentrism

b. Reciprocal altruism

albert bandura's bobo doll study demonstrates that ______ a. people find it easier to use props in real-life situations. b. children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive models. c. TV is the cause of the aggressive behavior among children. d. people will conform to the behavior of others to avoid rejection and gain acceptance.

b. children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive models.

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ________ refers to the decision to love someone for the long term. a. co-operation b. commitment c. intimacy d. passion

b. commitment

maria buys pink and green shoes because everyone in her school wears shoes of the same color. maria's behavior is an example of ______ a. abstraction b. conformity c. retaliation d. social loafing

b. conformity

Nathan is the lead singer of his band. He starts wearing black t-shirts, leather jackets, and tight denims because everyone else in the band wears them. In this scenario, Nathan's behavior exemplifies ______ a. social loafing. b. conformity. c. abstraction. d. retaliation.

b. conformity.

Professor Wagner told her psychology class that they must have performed poorly on their midterm exam because they were lazy and did not study. Professor Wagner's belief is an example of a(n) ______ a. stereotypical comment. b. dispositional attribution. c. external attribution. d. self-serving bias.

b. dispositional attribution.

People will offer selfless help only when they truly empathize with the victim. This forms the basis for Batson's ________ hypothesis. a. sympathy b. empathy-altruism c. prosocial behavior d. empathy-sympathy

b. empathy-altruism

Social rejection activates the same neural circuitry that is involved in ______ a. seeing bright colors b. feeling physical pain c. hearing music d. tasting salty foods

b. feeling physical pain

Zainab, a new employee at a firm, looks to her colleagues for details about the organization's culture, modes of communication, and the like. This is an example of ______ a. the bystander effect. b. informational social influence. c. groupthink. d. a dispositional attribution.

b. informational social influence.

Sally pushed Tisha out of the way so that Sally could get to the cake first. Sally exhibited ________ aggression. a. relational b. instrumental c. hostile d. negative

b. instrumental

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ________ refers to close, connected, and bonded feelings in loving relationships. a. conformity b. intimacy c. dissonance d. commitment

b. intimacy

sally pushed Tisha out of the way so that sally could get to cake first. sally exhibited ______ aggression. a. relational b. instrumental c. hostile d. negative

b. intrumental

as a star soccer player, salim performs better in his game when more people are watching him perform. salim's behavior is an example of ______. a. conformity b. social loafing c. social facilitaion d. normative social influence

c. social facilitation

which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias? a. natalie sings better in front of an audience than when she sings by herself b. melisa attributes her successes to her hard work and attributes her failures to bad luck. c. Gerald relaxes his standards of productivity when he knowns that his teammates are working on the same projects. d. linda believes that both she and her friend performed poorly on a test as the test was hard.

b. melisa attributes her successes to her hard work and attributes her failures to bad luck

Dionne, who is from France, thinks that all people from other countries are similar, yet she is aware that everyone in France has different attitudes and behaviors. Dionne is displaying ______ a. in-group bias b. out-group homogeneity c. prosocial behavior d. external attribution

b. out-group homogeneity

Samantha has a mental model of how a date with her boyfriend ought to transpire. Thus, Samantha has a(n) ________ for a date. a. attribution b. schema c. memetic d. algorithm

b. schema

Mark thinks that women should not be allowed to fight in professional martial arts events because they are not physically strong enough. His thinking is an example of ______ a. racism b. sexism c. groupthink d. conformity

b. sexism

People make ________ attributions when they think that something outside the person, such as the environment or circumstances, is the cause of his or her behavior. a. dispositional b. situational c. peripheral d. internal

b. situational

In psychological research, a confederate is ______ a. an experimenter who has prior knowledge that conditions unaccounted for in the design of a study will affect its outcome. b. someone who pretends to be a participant in a research experiment but actually works for the experimenter. c. a participant who is subject to a stimulus that is held constant throughout the study and measured at the end. d. a participant who experiences all aspects of a study except being exposed to the independent variable.

b. someone who pretends to be a participant in a research experiment but actually works for the experimenter.

The tendency to explain others' behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms is called ______ a. cognitive dissonance b. the fundamental attribution error c. the out-group bias d. informational social influence

b. the fundamental attribution error

the tendency to explain others' behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms is known as ______ a. a self-serving bias b. the fundamental attribution error c. normative social influence d. out-group homogeneity

b. the fundamental attribution error

________ is a state of relationship in which one feels kindness toward another who is suffering and one feels motivated to help relieve that suffering. a. Altruism b. Intimacy c. Compassion d. Commitment

c. Compassion

Which of the following is the best explanation of social loafing? a. Parents' behavior in public influences their children's personalities. b. People adjust their behavior to adhere to cultural norms. c. Individuals tend to relax their standards in the presence of others. d. People readily get influenced by others in order to be more widely accepted.

c. Individuals tend to relax their standards in the presence of others.

Which of the following statements best describes a self-serving bias? a. It is the tendency to explain other people's behavior in terms of situational attributions rather than dispositional ones. b. It is the tendency to explain other people's behavior in terms of dispositional attributions rather than situational ones. c. It is the tendency to make situational attributions for one's failures but dispositional attributions for one's successes. d. It is the tendency to show positive feelings toward people in one's own group and negative feelings toward those in other groups.

c. It is the tendency to make situational attributions for one's failures but dispositional attributions for one's successes.

which of the following is true about obedience? a. It occurs when people go to great lengths to do what the group is doing. b. It occurs when the presence of others causes one to relax. c. It occurs when a person yields to the will of another person. d. It occurs when a person yields to peer pressure.

c. It occurs when a person yields to the will of another person.

Identify a true statement about prejudice. a. It is based on concrete facts. b. It is always positive. c. It operates both inside and outside a person's awareness. d. It rarely ever stands in stark contrast to one's conscious beliefs.

c. It operates both inside and outside a person's awareness.

________ are scents produced by animals that have an effect on other members of the same species. a. Androsterone b. Progestagens c. Pheromones d. Androgens

c. Pheromones

Which of the following statements about cognitive dissonance is true? a. The theory of cognitive dissonance offers explanation for preferential treatment of certain people, usually driven by prejudicial attitudes. b. It is the act of attempting to change the opinions, beliefs, or choices of others by explanation or argument. c. When people experience cognitive dissonance, they go to extreme lengths to reduce it. d. Its success depends on three things: source, the method used to convey the message, and the audience.

c. When people experience cognitive dissonance, they go to extreme lengths to reduce it.

Megan flunked a test. Her mother, Hilda, thinks this happened because Megan is too lazy to study. In this scenario, Hilda's belief is an example of ______ a. out-group homogeneity b. normative social influence c. a dispositional attribution d. a self-serving bias

c. a dispositional attribution

Ronald failed a mid-term exam. His father, Adam, thinks that Ronald failed the exam because Ronald was too lazy to study. In this scenario, Adam's belief is an example of ______ a. out-group homogeneity b. normative social influence c. a dispositional attribution d. a self-serving bias

c. a dispositional attribution

Ronald failed a mid-term exam. His father, Adam, thinks that Ronald failed the exam because Ronald was too lazy to study. In this scenario, Adam's belief is an example of ______ a. out-group homogeneity. b. normative social influence. c. a dispositional attribution. d. a self-serving bias.

c. a dispositional attribution.

Ashley and Donald are hiking in the mountains. When Donald trips over a rock, Ashley attributes it to his clumsiness. However, when she trips over the same rock, she blames it on the placement of the rock. This is an example of ______ a. an informational social influence. b. conformity. c. a fundamental attribution error. d. groupthink.

c. a fundamental attribution error.

joanna is walking back to the office after her lunch break. on the way, she sees a homeless man and offers him the evening snack she had bought for herself. in this case, joanna is displaying a(n) ______ behavior. a. egotistic b. masochistic c. altruistic d. narcissistic

c. altruistic

The ________ component of an attitude includes the motive to act in a particular way toward the person or object of the attitude. a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. informational

c. behavioral

The ________ component of an attitude includes the motive to act in a particular way toward the person or object of the attitude. a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. informational

c. behavioral

which of the following is an example of conformity? a. marcel has a colorful skateboard that he refuses to share with his friends b. Roberto likes to read the books that his older sister hands down to him c. Bridgette wants her parents to buy her the latest music CD because all her friends have it d. Juanita involves her adolescent children in most domestic decision-making processes

c. bridgette wants her parents to buy her the latest music CD because all her friends have it

______ occurs when people adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to cultural norms. a. abstraction b. retaliation c. conformity d. bias

c. conformity

________, a tendency to portray groups of people as devoid of basic qualities or rights attributed to most people, is a common tactic in racial prejudice that aims to make people feel unworthy. a. normative social influence b. out-group homogeneity c. dehumanization d. cognitive dissonance

c. dehumanization

naomi, a teacher, is talking to a student in her class. which pleading with the teacher to postpone an upcoming test, the student begins to cry. naomi decides to postpone the test to reduce the student's distress. according to C. Daniel Baston's empathy-altruism hypothesis, Naomi's decision to help the student is due to ______ motivation. a. egotistic b. sardonic c. empathetic d. misanthropic

c. empathetic

______ is the evolutionary mechanism that prompts individuals to help their close relatives so that they will survive to reproduce and pass on related genes to their offspring. a. endogamy b. ethnic nepotism c. kin selection d. collective narcissism

c. kin selection

A classic example of ________ is peer pressure, in which people engage in certain behaviors, such as drinking or trying drugs, so that they will be accepted by a particular social group. a. kin selection b. prosocial behavior c. normative social influence d. diffusion of responsibility

c. normative social influence

Even though Sophia doesn't really want to go to a wild fraternity party, she does because she wants the other college students to think highly of her. Sophie's behavior most reflects ______ a. informational social influence b. prosocial behavior c. normative social influence d. kin selection

c. normative social influence

As a star soccer player, Salim performs better in his game when more people are watching him perform. Salim's behavior is an example of ______ a. conformity b. social loafing c. social facilitation d. normative social influence

c. social facilitation

________ attributions ascribe other people's behavior to something within them, such as their personality, motives, or attitudes. a. peripheral b. External c. Situational d. Dispositional

d. Dispositional

which of the following individuals is making a situational attribution? a. Randy finds dirty dishes in the kitchen sink and comments that his daughter was just too lazy to wash them after she ate. b. Maureen tells her friends that her boyfriend could not choose a nice shirt to wear because he is too fickle minded. c. Marissa sees Chris trip and notes how clumsy he must be; she didn't see that the concrete of the sidewalk was crumbling. d. Faizal's girlfriend is late for a party, and he tells the group that she is probably stuck in traffic.

d. Faizal's girlfriend is late for a party, and he tells the group that she is probably stuck in traffic.

which of the following is an example of prejudice? a. Laila attributes the reason for her son's grades to his laziness. b. Amir likes his coffee half and half. c. Nikki cannot afford to live in a high-income neighborhood. d. Hilda says that all women should be able to cook.

d. Hilda says that all women should be able to cook.

Which of the following best explains the bystander effect? a. It is an effect that causes people to ignore matters that are generally important to a group but may not seem specifically important to the individual. b. It is an occurrence that describes how individuals in a group can act together without planned direction. c. It is abusive treatment, the use of force or coercion to affect others, particularly when habitual and involving an imbalance of power. d. It is a phenomenon in which the more people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them will help.

d. It is a phenomenon in which the more people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them will help.

Which of the following is true about stereotypes? a. They help in making situational attributions for our failures and dispositional attributions for our successes. b. There are two types—dispositional and situational. c. They help in judging people and their personalities by their actions. d. They allow for quick, but often inaccurate, impressions.

d. They allow for quick, but often inaccurate, impressions.

Which of the following is true about stereotypes? a. They help in making situational attributions for our failures and dispositional attributions for our successes. b. There are two types—dispositional and situational. c. They help in judging people and their personalities by their actions. d. They allow for quick, but often inaccurate, impressions.

d. They allow for quick, but often inaccurate, impressions.

Rita flunked a test. Her father, Larry, thinks that this happened because the test was too hard. In this scenario, Larry's belief is an example of ______ a. out-group homogeneity. b. cognitive dissonance. c. a self-serving bias. d. a situational attribution.

d. a situational attribution.

Keith walks out of a restaurant after having lunch and sees a homeless old man sitting on a pavement. Keith feels bad for the old man, buys lunch for him, and gives him $20. In this scenario, Keith is displaying a(n) ________ behavior. a. narcissistic b. egoistic c. masochistic d. altruistic

d. altruistic

Social psychologists define ________ as a person's favorable or unfavorable feelings, beliefs, or actions toward an object, idea, or person. a. stereotypes b. norms c. schemas d. attitudes

d. attitudes

the ________ component of attitude consists of the rational thoughts and beliefs that make up the attitude. a. affective b. behavioral c. attributive d. cognitive

d. cognitive

______ is the feeling of discomfort caused by information that is at oddswith one's conception of oneself as a reasonable and sensible person. a. crowd manipulation b. compliance gaining c. persuasion d. cognitive dissonance

d. cognitive dissonance

Lorenzo, who was busy working in his room, could hear a baby crying nearby but did not bother to go out and check thinking that his neighbors would probably do so. This is an example of ______ a. social facilitation b. conformity c. informational social influence d. diffusion of responsibility

d. diffusion of responsibility

Lorenzo, who was busy working in his room, could hear a baby crying nearby but did not bother to go out and check thinking that his neighbors would probably do so. This is an example of ______ a. social facilitation. b. conformity. c. informational social influence. d. diffusion of responsibility.

d. diffusion of responsibility.

Sometimes people go to great lengths to do what the group is doing, when it does not make sense, especially in groups engaged in decision-making. This phenomenon is called ______ a. cognitive dissonance b. scapegoating c. group decision making d. groupthink

d. groupthink

Two social psychologists, Mahzarin Banaji and Anthony Greenwald, suspected there was a disconnect between people's conscious and unconscious views of prejudice and developed a way of measuring what they called ______ a. a self-serving bias. b. social loafing c. groupthink d. implicit bias

d. implicit bias

Two social psychologists, Mahzarin Banaji and Anthony Greenwald, suspected there was a disconnect between people's conscious and unconscious views of prejudice and developed a way of measuring what they called ______ a. a self-serving bias. b. social loafing. c. groupthink. d. implicit bias.

d. implicit bias.

evolutionary pressures to preserve group membership favor. a. out-group homogeneity b. situational attribution c. prejudice d. in-group bias

d. in-group bias

Evolutionary pressures to preserve group membership favor ______ a. out-group homogeneity. b. situational attribution. c. prejudice. d. in-group bias.

d. in-group bias.

Bob, a professional wrestler, likes all the members of his wrestling team. However, he dislikes the members of the other teams. In this scenario, Bob is displaying _____ a. prosocial behavior b. self-serving bias c. cognitive dissonance d. in-group/out-group bias

d. in-group/out-group bias

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, companionate love exists when: a. passion is high and intimacy and commitment are low. b. commitment is high and intimacy and passion are low. c. passion and commitment are low and intimacy is high. d. intimacy and commitment are high and passion is low.

d. intimacy and commitment are high and passion is low.

Fred is playing in the position of a defensive lineman in a football game. He smashes down a ball carrier to prevent the opponent from scoring. His idea was to prevent scoring by the other team, not to hurt the ball carrier. In this scenario, Fred's aggression is labeled ______ a. relational b. hostile c. negative d. instrumental

d. intrumental

raj and a few of his cousins were asked to help their uncle move to a new house, however, raj ate most of the snack, drank all the soda, and did not move nearly as many boxes as everyone else did. in this scenario, raj's behavior is an example of ______. a. a self-serving bias b. reciprocal altruism c. social facilitation d. social loafing

d. social loafing

People seem to prefer ________, which is a rough indicator of genetic fitness, when they rate faces as attractive. a. diversity b. fairness c. character d. symmetry

d. symmetry

Which of the following is true about attributions? a. Attributions are used when one tries to figure out others by judging whether or not they are being truthful. b. Schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on the groups to which they belong are known as attributions. c. Attributions result in people yielding to the social pressure of an authority figure. d. Social psychologist Fritz Heider made an important distinction between internal and external attributions.

not A

Rahul knows every detail about each player of his favorite cricket team. This demonstrates the ________ component of his attitude. a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. informational

not affective

According to Cynthia Hazan and Phillip Shaver, adults who fall under the ________ style of infant-caregiver attachment system tend to have less satisfying relationships, are more preoccupied with them, and fear that their partners do not want the intimacy they desire. a. securely attached b. avoidant c. disorganized d. anxious

not securley attached