Chapter 14 review

match the postzygotic reproductive barrier on the left with its example on the right

Hybrid inviability- hybrid eucalyptus seeds do not germinate; seedlings die very early hybrid infertility- lion-tiger (liger) is infertile hybrid breakdown- offspring of hybrid mosquitoes have abnormal genitalia

Select the two theories that explain what may have contributed to Earth's mass extinctions in the past

-plate tectonics -impact theory

Select all the criteria biologists can use to define species

-reproductive isolation -DNA sequence analysis

Rank the following in chronological order of how scientists think meteorites or comets striking Earth caused mass extinctions, beginning with the first event at the top of the list

_impact of meteor of comet onto Earth's surface -dust and debris sent into the atmosphere -sunlight blocked from plants -dying of herbivores by starvation -dying of carnivores by starvation

allopatric speciation occurs when a single population is split and the two populations become isolated from each other by

a geographical barrier

over many hundreds of years the definition of _____ has changed several times as scientists have refined ideas

a species

_________ radiation is a situation in which a population inhabiting a patchy or heterogeneous environment gives rise to multiple specialized forms in a relatively short time

adaptive

cariibean anole lizards have diversified into 150 species that live on different islands and that are adapted to use different resources. These anoles provide evidence of

adaptive radiation

The type of speciation that occurs when two populations are separated by a physical barrier so that they cannot interbreed is called ______ speciation

allopatric

the punctuated equilibrium model of speciation proposed by Gould and Eldredge fits well with the type of speciation known as _______ speciation because populations could be isolated, then diverge, and then could rejoin with ancestors but be different species

allopatric

what mechanism of speciation is considered the most common because the evidence for it is abundant

allopatric

Rank the three types of speciation, from the form with complete reproductive isolation at the top to the form with continuous intermingling of the species at the bottom

allopatric parapatric sympatric

A polyphyletic group excludes the most recent common ___ shared by all members of the group

ancestor

in cladistics, ____ characters are inherited attributes that resemble those of past relatives of the organisms, whereas ______ characters are features that are different from those found in the group's past relative

ancestral; derived

Ernst Mayr's definition of a biological species does not fit all organisms. Group of organisms that reproduce _______ do not fit his definition of species

asexually

according to the fossil record, there were about 0.1 to 1.0 extinctions per year per million species; this type of ____ extinction accounts for most extinctions overall

background

in phyogenetic analyses, a group of species united by a single evolutionary pathway is called a(n)

clade

the ______ approach creates phylogenies based on shared derived characters and ancestral characters

cladistic

a diagram depicting evolutionary relationships based on shared derived characters is called a

cladogram

what is the correct name of the figure shown

cladogram

in cladistics, the outgroup is the

comparator organisms that do not posses the derived traits being examined

in parapatric speciation, disruptive selection may favor

different phenotypes in different habitats

in parapatric speciation. disruptive selection may favor

different phenotypes in different habitats

what type of selection can begin to process of parapatric speciation by favoring one phenotype in one habitat and a different phenotype in a neighboring area

disruptive

Rank the following taxonomic groups into a hierarchy, from the most inclusive group at the top to the most specific group at the bottom

domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus

the root cause of extinction is when microevolution in a species doesnt keep up with

environmental change

phylogenies are trees of organisms that depict hypotheses about

evolutionary relationships

if speciation is the beginning of a species, then _____ is the end of a species

extinction

True or False: Linnaeus based his classification system on evolutionary relationships among organisms.

false

the geologic timescale indicates that there have been ____ mass extinctions in the past 500 million years

five

a population's entire collection of genes and their alleles is called its _______, which does not mix with the genes of different species

gene pool

Linnaeus designed a system of assigning names to organisms. The first word in an organism's scientific name designates the broader classification level called the _______ of the organism, and the second word designates the ________.

genus; species

What may be causing a current sixth mass extinction on Earth at a rate of about 20 to 200 extinctions per million species per year

humans

a cladpgram depicts

hypothesized evolutionary relationships

select the most accurate statement about gradualism and the fossil record

in species that evolved gradually, fossils of transitional forms may still remain hidden or may have been destroyed

select the element that is common in meteorites but rare on Earth, which provides evidence to support the impact theory of mass extinction on Earth

iridium

The accumulation of small changes in a population by microevolution can eventually lead to large-scale

macroevolution

organism have changed over time; new species have appeared while other species have gone extinct. This is a description of

macroevolution

the speciation and extinction of the dinosaurs are examples of _____, and the increased frequency of a particular genotypes that specifies a color pattern in fish is an example of ______

macroevolution; microevolution

_______ tends to span very long periods of time, whereas _____ events can be observed over a few years

macroevolution; microevolutionary

the disappearance of a great number of species over a relatively short expanse of time is called __________ extinction

mass

the element iridium, which appears as a thin layer on many parts of Earth, provides the evidence that _____, which may have led to mass extinctions

meteorites impacted the surface of the Earth

Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow are _______ that can lead to divergence of gene pools between groups of organisms

micro evolutionary forces

in cladistis, a clade is a ______ group

monophyletic

match the terms on the left with the example on the right

monophyletic- mammals paraphyletic- traditional class reptilia polyphyletic- all warm- blooded animals

when a portion of a population can no longer breed and produce fertile offspring with the rest of the population, then a _____ has formed

new species

match each feature of a cladogram to its correct description

node- tips of long branches- clade-

adaptive radiations of organisms are especially common

on islands

Beak, weight, and limb differences between populations of the little greenbul that live in the tropical rain forest and populations that live in the neighboring transitional ecotones indicate that _____ speciation might be occurring

parapatric

if a portion of a population enters a new habitat bordering the rest of the population, this represents a case of ______ speciation

parapatric

if a group of species contains a common ancestor and some but not all of its descendants, it is referred to as being

paraphyletic

The study of evolutionary relationships among species is called

phylogenetics

______ are evolutionary trees that are used by biologists to represent hypothesized relationships among species or groups

phylogenies

a cladogram is a treelike diagram that shows hypothesized evolutionary relationships among organisms based on

shared derived characteristics

Low genetic diversity, fewer genetic mutations, and inbreeding are characteristics of _____ populations, and any one of these could lead to extinctions of those populations

small

Select the population that would be most at risk of extinction

small population in a quick-changing environment

two different models of _____ are gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

speciation

What type of speciation gave rise to these two species of cichlid fish that occupy the same lake but have feeding and breeding differences?

sympatric

if a population diverges genetically from its parents population while remaining in the same physical area, this is an example of _____ speciation

sympatric

polyploidy is one mechanism of _____ speciation among plants because new species can arise due to errors in meiosis and fusion of gametes from two different species

sympatric

____ is the study of classification and incorporates both taxonomy and phylogenetics

systematics

in the hierarchical classification system, a group at any rank is called a

taxon

Suppose an error in meiosis produces diploid gametes and these gametes fuse during self-fertilization, which doubles the chromosome number. the resulting _____ organisms is productively isolated because it will produce _____ hybrids with the parent species.

tetraploid; infertile triploid

among the possible phylogenetic trees for a set of organisms being examined with cladistics, the most parsimonious tree is the one that requires

the fewest steps, or evolutionary changes, to contruct

Select the true statement about the hierarchical system of taxonomy currently in use.

the ranks are somewhat arbitrary and do not necessarily reflect evolutionary relationships

What evolutionary tree in the image represents the gradualism model of speciation

the tree on the left

based on you knowledge, what was used to construct the cladogram in the figure?

DNA mutations

select all the following that are true of the two types of little greenbul birds that occupy neighboring habitats in the image

-parapatric speciation may be occurring -disruptive selection may be driving microevolution

select all the examples of prezygotic isolation mechanisms

- mechanical isolation -gametic isolation

Select all of the following that are true regarding the use of molecular sequence data to construct cladograms

-DNA sequence variations can be used to construct cladograms -Molecular clocks can be used to assign dates to sequence differences in cladograms

Select all the characteristics of allopatric speciation

-accounts for diversification of organisms on islands -most common mechanisms of speciation -speciation that occurs in isolated bodies of fresh water

match the type of speciation on the left with its description on the right

-allopatric- no contact between the populations -parapatric- populations sharing a border -symatric- continuous contact between populations

select all the organisms that posses all the characters listed in the chart

-archaeopteryx -modern birds

select all of the following that are names of domains of life

-eukarya -archaea -bacteria

select all the lines of evidence used by biologists to construct phylogenetic trees

-fossils -behaviors -molecular sequences -physiological adaptations

Select mechanisms that can cause polyploidy

-gamete from two different species fuse -meiosis fails, leading to diploid gametes that fuse during self-fertilization

Select three ways that genetic divergence can occur between two separated populations

-gene flow -genetic drift -natural selection

Match the type of prezygotic reproductive barrier on the left with its example on the right

-habitat isolation- ladybird beetles feed on different plants -temporal isolation- field crickets mature at different times -behavioral isolation- frog mating calls differ

Select all of the following that are true about Linnaeus' system of classification

-helped scientist communicate with each other - included orders, classes, and kingdoms -consists of hierarchical groups

select all the postzygotic reproductive barriers

-hybrid breakdown -hybrid inviability -hybrid infertility

select all the situations that could lead to adaptive radiation

-individuals are isolated on an island where there is little competition for resources -a few individuals colonize a new, isolated habitat with new resources

Select all the areas covered by the definition of taxonomy

-naming organisms -classifying organisms -describing organisms

Select all the reasons that could cause a species to go extinct

-natural disaster - habitat loss - new disease - new predator

What might cause smaller populations to be more vulnerable to extinction? select all that apply

-small populations experience fewer genetic mutations -small populations might contain to few beneficial alleles to withstand a challenge -small populations interbreed more, which can bring together lethal recessive alleles

Select all the reasons why Mayr's biological species concept is not a perfect definition of a species

-some distinct species can occasionally produce fertile offspring -reproduce of fossil species is difficult to determine

______ was the first scientist to give every species a two-word name.

Carolus Linnaeus

to differentiate species of bacteria or archaea, scientists often examine differences in

DNA

the biological species concepts proposed by ______ states that biological species is a population whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Mayr

match the cladistic terms on the left with their definition on the right

Monophyletic- group contains a common ancestor and all of the descendants Paraphyletic- group contains a common ancestor and some of its descendants Polyphyletic- groups that have excluded the most recent common ancestor shared by all members of the group

match each type of speciation with its correct description

Parapatric speciation- occurs between populations that inhabit neighboring habitat and have minimal gene flow allopatric speciation- occurs between populations that are physically separated and do not exchange genes sympatric speciation- occurs between populations that live in the area but specialize in different environments

When a population contains two separate groups that can no longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring, then ______ has occurred

Speciation

Movements of the Earth's crust cause a shifting of continents and oceans. These shifts lead to the creation of new environments and thus affect organisms living in those environments. This ____ theory is an explanation of some mass extinctions on Earth.

plate tectonic

a group of organisms is referred to as ______ if it excludes the most recent common ancestor that is shared by all members of the group

polyphyletic

crop plants, such as wheat , corn, sugar, and coffee, are all derived from ______ plants, in which chromosome sets have increased

polyploid

_______ is rare in animals possibly because having extra chromosomes is often fatal.

polyploidy

a condition called____ occurs when the number of sets of chromosomes increases.

polyploidy

_____ reproductive barriers occur after fertilization and reduce the fitness of the hybrid

postzygotic

assuming fertilization occurs during a mating between two different species, viable and fertile offspring are prevented by ___________ barriers

postzygotic

hybrid inviability, hybrid infertility, and hybrid breakdown are examples of ______ reproductive barriers

postzygotic

If a zygote cannot form between two organisms, then a type of _______ reproductive barrier is present.

prezygotic

Fossil records of bryozoans and mollusks provide examples of the ______ model of speciation because macroevolution appears to have occurred in brief bursts

punctuated equilibrium

What model of speciation proposes that bursts of rapid evolution give rise to species and are followed by long periods of little change

punctuated equilibrium

mechanisms of ______ prevent successful reproduction reproduction and include prezygotic barriers and postzygotic barriers

reproductive isolation

gossypium hirsutum, the cotton plant that is cultivated all over the world, was developed when

two species of cotton interbred and the chromosome number eventually doubled