chapter 14

what is the adequate intake level of sulfur?

A)THERE IS NO Al #Sulfur, a bright yellow mineral, is provided primarily by the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine. Inorganic sulfate also is found in water and food—for example, as a preservative that protects the color of dried fruits and white wines. There is no AI or RDA established for sulfur because we are able to obtain ample sulfur from protein-containing foods.2 Sulfur is required for the synthesis of several sulfur-containing compounds, it helps stabilize the structure of proteins (e.g., collagen, hair, nails, skin), and it participates in regulating the acid-base balance in the body. No Upper Level for sulfur is established.

______acid, or oxalate, is a substance found in leafy green plants that binds minerals and makes them less bioavailability.

a) oxalic #Oxalic acid (oxalate), found in leafy green plants, also binds minerals and makes them less bioavailable.

_______ is the degree to which the amount of an ingested nutrient is absorbed and is available to the body.

a)bioavailability #Minerals in the average North American's diet come from both plant and animal sources. For some minerals, animal-based foods are the richest source and have the best bioavailability.

what trace minerals can be toxic when consumed excessively?

a)iron b)zinc #Excess mineral intake can be toxic, particularly trace minerals, such as iron and zinc.

which of these are functions of water?

a)is a solvent b)helps regulate body temperature c)is a major component of the blood #all are functions of water.

what is the term for the passive diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane?

a)osmosis #. Osmosis is the passive diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane—in the body, these are cell membranes. When the concentration of solutes (mainly electrolytes) differs on the 2 sides of a cell membrane, water will move from the side with a low solute concentration to the side with the higher solute concentration. Examples of osmosis that may be familiar to you are extracting water from cucumbers by sprinkling them with salt and crisping limp celery by placing it in water—water moves into the dehydrated celery cells.

which of the following of a phosphorus deficiency?

a)poor tooth development c)bone loss

sodium deficiency is ________.

a)sodium deficiency is rare #Sodium deficiency is rare because of the abundance of sodium in the food supply, coupled with relatively low requirements for sodium. Nevertheless, sodium depletion can occur when losses exceed intake, such as in excessive perspiration. However, only when weight loss from perspiration exceeds about 2% of total body weight (or about 5 to 6 lb) should sodium losses be of concern.

which foods has the highest level of sodium?

a) slice of apple pie #The major contributors of sodium in the U.S. diet are mixed dishes (including burgers, pizza, pasta dishes, and sandwiches), protein foods (including cold cuts, cured meats, and processed meats), various grains, vegetables, and snacks and sweets.

_________ _________ is the amount of heat required to raise the temperatures of 1 gram of any substance 1 degree Celsius.

a) specific heat ##Water in the body helps maintain this range in 2 ways. First, water has a high heat capacity, or specific heat. That means water resists temperature changes, so its temperature rises slowly when it is heated.

what is the upper level of sodium for adults?

a)2300 mg/day #The Upper Level and Daily Value for sodium for adults are set at 2300 mg per day with the goal of reducing hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Fewer than one-third of adults consume less than this amount.

___________is a disease that is most often linked to low intakes of calcium. When calcium intakes is insufficient, the body withdraws calcium from bone. This action preserves the indispensable functions of calcium

a)Osteoporosis #Osteoporosis is the disease most often linked to low intakes of calcium. When calcium intake is insufficient, the body withdraws calcium from bone. This action preserves the indispensable functions of calcium, such as those that keep the heart and muscles working.

who would be most likely to develop osteoporosis?

a)a postmenopausal b)a Caucasian women #Osteoporosis and low bone mass afflict many individuals, with most being over the age of 50. Approximately 10% of adults (10.2 million persons) over the age of 50 in the U.S. have osteoporosis and an additional 43 million (44%) have low bone mass.64 African-Americans have the lowest rates of osteoporosis, followed by those of Hispanic/Latino heritage. The highest rates are seen in Caucasians and Asians. Half of all women and a quarter of all men over age 50 living in the U.S. are likely to suffer an osteoporosis-related bone fracture in their lifetimes.

which are rich sources of magnesium?

a)beans b)green vegetables c)squash #Magnesium is found in chlorophyll. Thus, some of the richest sources of magnesium are plant products, such as green leafy vegetables, broccoli, squash, beans, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and chocolate (Fig. 14-27). Animal products, such as milk and meats, supply some Page 534magnesium, although less than the plant-based foods. Another source of magnesium is hard tap water, which contains a high mineral content (hard water also contains calcium). Coffee and tea also contribute significantly to dietary magnesium. Refined foods generally are low in magnesium. The form of magnesium in multivitamins and mineral supplements (magnesium oxide) is not well absorbed.

which of the following minerals are most likely to be deficient in the typical american diet?

a)calcium b)potassium #The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020 identify calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron as minerals likely to fall short of DRI recommendations in U.S. diets.

the same food that can provide sodium in teh diet also provide most of the dietary ______________

a)chloride #Almost all the chloride in the diet is from table salt—sodium chloride. Therefore, the same foods that provide sodium in the diet also provide most of the dietary chloride. Chloride also is found in seaweed, olives, rye, lettuce, a few fruits, and some vegetables. Salt substitutes usually contain potassium chloride.

The most abundant solutes are known as___________, which are compounds that form when salts dissociates and form ions in water. These compounds are able to conduct an electrical current.

a)electrolytes #The fluid in these compartments is not pure water; it also contains dissolved substances known as solutes. The most abundant solutes are electrolytes that form when salts, such as sodium chloride or potassium phosphate, dissociate in solution and form ions (e.g., NaCl forms Na+ and Cl−). The major positively charged electrolytes (cations) and the negatively charged electrolytes (anions) found in each fluid compartment vary (Table 14-1). Intracellular fluids contain primarily potassium and magnesium cations, along with negatively charged phosphate anions. In extracellular fluids, positively charged sodium cations and the negatively charged chloride anions, along with bicarbonate (HCO3−), predominate.

sweetened beverages and sodas supply ________ micronutrients to the body than milk and fruit juice.

a)fewer #Micronutrient content is another consideration for beverage choice. Many sweetened beverages supply few micronutrients in contrast to micronutrient rich milk and fruit juice.

calcium ions participate in several reactions in the cascade taht leads to the formation of the protein_________ , the main protein component of a clot.

a)fibrin #Calcium ions participate in several reactions in the cascade that leads to the formation of fibrin, the main protein component of a blood clot.

Where is chloride absorbed?

a)intestine(small and large) #Chloride, like sodium and potassium, is almost completely absorbed in the small and large intestines. Chloride absorption follows right along with sodium absorption. This allows a balance of electrical charges between the negatively charged chloride ion (Cl−) and the positively charged sodium ion (Na+). Most chloride is found in the extracellular fluid, where it is associated with sodium. Like sodium and potassium, the excretion of chloride occurs mainly through the kidneys.

where does most sodium absorption occur?

a)intestines #Almost all the sodium consumed is absorbed in the intestinal tract. Sodium, like potassium and chloride ions, is absorbed by active transport in both the small and large intestines.

What is kyphosis?

a)it is an abnormal convex curvature of the spine #Loss of bone in the spine leads to compression fractures in the vertebrae, loss of height, and eventually kyphosis (dowager's hump).

which of the following are functions of sodium?

a)it is required for normal muscle and nerve functions b)it aids in water balance c)it helps in the absorption of glucose in the small intestines #Sodium has 3 main functions: it helps in the absorption of glucose and some amino acids in the small intestine, it is required for normal muscle and nerve function, and it aids in water balance. Muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction rely on the electrical charge created by the shift of both sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane.

energy production and storage, participating in cellular message systems, and regulation of acid-base balance in the body are all functions of which major mineral?

a)phosphorus #In addition to being a major component of bones and teeth, phosphorus is critical to the function of every cell in the body. As HPO42− or H2PO4−, phosphorus is the main intracellular anion, similar to chloride in the extracellular fluid. As a component of ATP and creatine phosphate, phosphorus is critical to energy production and storage. This mineral also is a part of DNA and RNA, phospholipids in cell membranes, and numerous enzyme and cellular message systems. Many hormones depend on phosphorylation for their activation. Phosphorus also helps regulate acid-base balance in the body.

what is the term for a constituent of plant fibers found in whole grains and legumes that binds to minerals and decreases their bioavailability?

a)phytic acid #Phytic acid (phytate) phytic acid (phytate) (FY-tick, FY-tate) Constituent of plant fibers that binds positive ions (e.g., zinc as Zn2+) to its multiple phosphate groups and decreases their bioavailability. in wheat grain and legume fiber can limit the absorption of some minerals by chemically binding to them and preventing their release during digestion.

what is the term for a group of compounds that can lower the biavailability of minerals especially iron,and calcium, and may help prevent cancer and heart disease

a)polyphenols #Polyphenols are a group of compounds containing at least 2 ring structures that each have at least 1 hydroxyl group (OH) attached. Polyphenols also can lower the bioavailability of minerals, especially iron and calcium. Many polyphenols occur naturally in plants, such as tea, dark chocolate (cacao beans), and wine (grapes). Some types of polyphenols, such as flavonoids and tannins, may help prevent cancer and heart disease.

like sodium,_____is absorbed in both the small intestines and large intestines, it is transported to the body's cells, where most of it is found.

a)potassium #Like sodium, potassium is absorbed in both the small and large intestines. The potassium ion (K+) is transported to the body's cells, where 95% of the body's potassium is found.

what is the major mineral thought to blunt the effects of a high salt intake and help keep blood pressure normal?

a)potassium #Potassium is the major cation inside the cell and performs many of the same functions as sodium. Both are involved in maintaining fluid balance, transmitting nerve impulses, and contracting muscle. Both muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction rely on the electrical charge created by the shift of both potassium and sodium ions across the cell membrane. Like sodium, potassium influences the excretion of calcium, but in the opposite direction—when dietary potassium is high, the amount of calcium excreted in the urine declines.29

which of the following is a good source of potassium?

a)raisns b)potato/w skin c)beans #Potassium occurs naturally in many foods and, unlike sodium, unprocessed foods are the best sources (Fig. 14-14). Fruits, vegetables, milk, whole grains, dried beans, and Page 513meats are all good sources.

where is most magnesium absorbed?

a)small intestines #Magnesium is absorbed in the small intestine by both passive and active absorption. The active vitamin D hormone (1,25(OH)2 vitamin D) enhances magnesium absorption to a limited extent. About half of the magnesium is found in bones and the rest is stored in other tissues, such as muscles.

processed foods are the major source of the mineral________in the typical U.S. diet.

a)sodium #Salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), contributes most of the sodium to our diets (Fig. 14-12). Salt is 40% sodium and 60% chloride, which means that a teaspoon of salt (about 6 g) provides 2300 mg of sodium. However, most of the sodium we consume doesn't come from the salt shaker at home. The majority—75 to 80%—is added during food processing and at restaurants, either as salt or sodium-containing food additives. Sodium naturally present in foods provides about 10% of the sodium we consume, and the salt added in cooking and at the table provides another 10 to 15%. Other sodium sources are softened tap water and certain medicines.

the salt shaker at home, processed foods,softened tap water, and food additives are all common sources of which minerals?

a)sodium #Salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), contributes most of the sodium to our diets (Fig. 14-12). Salt is 40% sodium and 60% chloride, which means that a teaspoon of salt (about 6 g) provides 2300 mg of sodium. However, most of the sodium we consume doesn't come from the salt shaker at home. The majority—75 to 80%—is added during food processing and at restaurants, either as salt or sodium-containing food additives. Sodium naturally present in foods provides about 10% of the sodium we consume, and the salt added in cooking and at the table provides another 10 to 15%. Other sodium sources are softened tap water and certain medicines.

water has a high heat capacity, or _________ heat,which aids in the body temperature regulation.

a)specific heat #Water in the body helps maintain this range in 2 ways. First, water has a high heat capacity, or specific heat. That means water resists temperature changes, so its temperature rises slowly when it is heated.

a________ is the junction between the nerve and it's target cells.

a)synpase #When a nerve impulse reaches its target site—such as a muscle, other nerve cells, or a gland—the impulse is transmitted across the synapse, the junction between the nerve and its target cells.

which term is used to described a continuous, forceful muscle,contractions without relaxation.

a)tentany #In an entirely different process, nerve impulses develop spontaneously if insufficient calcium is available, leading to what is called hypocalcemic tetany (Fig. 14-21). This condition is characterized by muscle spasms because the muscles receive continual nerve stimulation.

how long can most people survive without water?

several days