chapter 14: SmartBook

The selective use of pesticides in integrated pest management has which of the following advantages? (Select all that apply.)

-The amount of pesticide used is decreased. -The parasites and predators of pests can survive.

Which of the following are primary reasons why pesticides continue to be used, despite their drawbacks? (Select all that apply.)

-The use of pesticides has increased the amount of food that can be grown in many parts of the world. -The cost of pesticides is offset by the savings that result from less need to till fields and increased yields resulting in greater profits. -Many health problems are currently impossible to control without pesticides.

Which of the following are drawbacks of using fertilizers? (Select all that apply.)

-Water removes nutrients in soil, causing them to accumulate in water bodies. -Fertilizers replace nutrients but not soil matter. -Prices of chemical fertilizers are dependent on world energy prices.

Much of the information necessary to make integrated pest management work goes beyond the knowledge of a typical farmer because the metabolic and ecological studies necessary to pinpoint weak points in the life cycles of pests ______. (Select all that apply.)

-are conducted at universities - are expensive -must be conducted for each kind of pest

Fungicides are used ______. (Select all that apply.)

-as treatments to protect seeds from rotting before germination -as fumigants to protect agricultural products from spoilage -as sprays and dusts to prevent spread of disease among plants

Several methods are employed in integrated pest management, including ______. (Select all that apply.)

-disrupting reproduction -modifying farming practices -developing resistant crops -selectively using pesticides -using beneficial organisms to control pests

The three main factors that favor labor-intensive farming are ______. (Select all that apply.)

-growing sites which do not allow for mechanization -crops that require much hand labor -economic conditions of the population do not allow for mechanized agriculture

Insecticides are used on agricultural plants because ______. (Select all that apply)

-if not controlled, insects consume a large proportion of crops -in large fields, it is impractical to manually remove pests

Insecticides are used in developing countries because ______. (Select all that apply.)

-insecticides kill insects that carry sleeping sickness -insecticides kill the insects that transmit bubonic plague -insecticides kill the insects that spread malaria

A genetically modified organism _____. (Select all that apply.)

-is an organism with an altered genetic makeup -is created by inserting specific pieces of DNA into the genetic makeup of the organism -contains DNA inserted from a variety of sources, including an entirely different organism

Rodenticides are used to kill ______.

-organisms that spread disease -organisms that damage crops in the field

Long-term solutions to feeding the world's hungry are complex and are unlikely to be found without dealing with the following: ______. (Select all that apply.)

-poverty -higher fuel costs -crop subsidies and trade barriers -increasing population

Spraying an area with pheromones ______. (Select all that apply.)

-prevents the males from finding the females -confuses the males -can lure insects into traps -reduces the insect population

Economic limitations to sustainable agriculture include ______. (Select all that apply.)

-sustainable agriculture cannot produce enough food for today's population -sustainable agriculture can only be economically successful in specific cases

Precision agriculture involves ______. (Select all that apply.)

-varying chemicals -geographic information systems -computer technology -less fertilizer being applied to a field

The Wold Health Organization estimates that worldwide between ______ people suffer from acute pesticide poisoning per year.

1 million and 5 million

1. Alternative agriculture 2. Sustainable agriculture 3. Organic agriculture

1. Includes all nontraditional agricultural methods 2. Involves modifications to conventional farming practices to reduce reliance on fertilizers and pesticides and protect agricultural and natural systems while producing adequate, safe food in an economically viable manner 3. Is distinguished by methods that do not involve the use of artificial fertilizers, chemical growth regulators, antibiotics, pesticides, and genetically modified organisms

How does pesticide resistance occur? Order the following steps in the process, placing the first event in the sequence at the top and the last event at the bottom.

1. The first pesticide application kills most but not all pest insects in a population 2. The remaining population will reproduce, creating a more pesticide-resistant population 3. In the next generation, the next application of pesticide will not be as effective as the first 4. The pesticide may no longer be effective on the insect population

List the steps involved in creating an herbicide-resistant crop, starting from the first step at the top to the last at the bottom.

1= Identify the gene for herbicide resistance. toggle button 2= Insert the herbicide-resistant gene into the desired crop plant. 3= Spray the field with herbicide. 4= Weeds will be killed, but the genetically modified crop will continue to grow.

List the steps involved in creating a crop containing a natural insecticide.

1= Identify the genes from Bacillus thurengiensis that produce material that causes the destruction of the lining of the gut of the insects that eat it. 2= Insert the genes into the genetic makeup of crop plants. 3= Plant cotton or corn that is now resistant to insects

1=The process of accumulating higher and higher amounts of material within the body of an animal 2=The phenomenon of acquiring increasing levels of a substance in the bodies of higher-trophic-level organisms

1= bioaccumulation 2= biomagnification

The process of accumulating higher and higher amounts of material within the body of an animal is called ___1_____ whereas the phenomenon of acquiring increasing levels of a substance in the bodies of higher-trophic-level organisms is considered ___2____.

1= bioaccumulation 2= biomagnification

The use of fertilizer has significantly __1____ over the last few decades and is projected to __2____.

1= increase 2= increase

Primary soil nutrients are considered___1____. Other elements necessary in extremely small amounts are ___2______.

1= macronutrients 2= micronutrients

How many deaths does the World Health Organization estimate occur each year due to pesticide poisoning?

20,000

What percent of the world crop yield is directly attributed to chemical fertilizers?

25%

Shifting agriculture involves which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Burning vegetation Cutting down trees

Which region(s) see consistent use of persistent pesticides?

Developing countries such as Brazil

True or false: A chemical called a pheromone is released by male insects to attract female insects.

False

What pest control strategy uses a variety of methods to control pests rather than relying on pesticides alone?

Integrated pest management

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the perfect pesticide?

It would persist in the environment.

The extensive use of pesticides controls the spread of which insect-borne diseases? (Select all that apply.)

Malaria Chagas disease Yellow fever

Which of the following are micronutrients? (Select all that apply.)

Manganese Boron Zinc

Which of the following are macronutrients? (Select all that apply.)

Phosphorus Potassium Nitrogen

______ agriculture is a new technique that addresses fertilizer and pesticide runoff.

Precision

The drawbacks of monoculture include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Reliance on pesticides Loss of genetic diversity Soil erosion Reliance on fertilizer

Why do apple growers use NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid)?

To keep the apples from falling off the trees

To adequately feed the world's population, which of the following must be reduced? (Select all that apply.)

Trade barriers World population size Crop subsidies

True or false: Despite the associated issues, mechanized monoculture is an efficient method of producing food.

True

True or false: Integrated pest management (IPM) uses a variety of methods to control pests and demands a complete understanding of all ecological aspects of a crop and the pests it is susceptible to.

True

True or false: Pesticides can play an advantageous role in integrated pest management.

True

True or false: Shifting agriculture is also known as "slash and burn" agriculture.

True

Increased yields and improved disease resistance in crops and farm animals has come mostly from controlled ________

breeding

Pesticide resistance develops ______. (Select all that apply.)

due to variation within a population in hundreds of insect species

The primary reason for labor-intensive farming is ______.

economic

An organism that has an altered genetic makeup due to genetic engineering (or biotechnology) is known as a ______.

genetically modified organism

The use of insecticides can harm populations of nontarget organisms such as ______. (Select all that apply.)

harmless insects mammals beneficial insects birds

The perfect pesticide would ______. (Select all that apply.)

have a short half-life be inexpensive break down into harmless materials affect only the target organism

In general, nontarget organisms are unaffected when ______ are used.

herbicides

The main driving forces behind the continual development of new varieties of domesticated plant and animal species are ______. (Select all that apply.)

increased yield greater disease resistance

If the price of oil increases, the price of fertilizers ______ and the price of food ______.

increases increases

When harvesting 1 metric ton of potatoes, you would expect to find more of the ______.

macronutrient nitrogen

Herbicides are used to control weed growth because weeds ______. (Select all that apply.)

may shade crop species take nutrients from soil take water from soil

Fertilizers replace lost nutrients such as ______ in soil. (Select all that apply.)

nitrogen boron phosphorus

Fertilizers are valuable because they replace soil _________ removed by plants.

nutrients

Three agricultural approaches used to reduce fertilizers and pesticides, protect soil and water, and protect wildlife and the environment are ______. (Select all that apply.)

organic agriculture alternative agriculture sustainable agriculture

A ______ is any chemical used to kill or control populations of unwanted fungi, animals, or plants.

pesticide

What types of beneficial organisms can be used to control pests? (Select all that apply.)

pesticide-producing bacteria predatory insects herbivorous insects

A pesticide is used to kill ______. (Select all that apply.)

pests weeds unwanted organisms

Examples of beneficial organisms used to control pests include all but ______.

purple loosetrife

Persistent pesticides are problematic because they ______. (Select all that apply.)

remain in the environment for the long term become attached to small soil particles are moved by wind and water

Auxin, a synthetic agrochemical, is used to ______ before the harvest.

remove the leaves from cotton plants

Herbicides are used instead of manual labor to control weed growth because ______.

selective use of herbicides can have a tremendous impact on a farmer's profits

A social limitation to sustainable agriculture is ______.

small sustainable farms demand marketing skills to be successful