Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System

Which of the letters in the figure indicates the vagus nerve? A B C D

A

Which pathway(s) compose the autonomic nervous system? A only B only C only B and C

B and C

Assume that the triangular and circular molecules shown in the illustration represent specific neurotransmitters. Which of the following best describes the effect on the heart of neurotransmitters released from the postganglionic neurons of B and C? B would increase heart rate, while C would decrease it. B and C would act in synergy to decrease heart rate and contraction force. C would increase heart rate, while B would decrease it. B and C would act in synergy to increase heart rate and contraction force.

B would increase heart rate, while C would decrease it.

Which of the following statements is true of the group of fibers indicated by the letter D? D indicates fibers that mediate the long-lasting effects of the parasympathetic division. D indicates fibers that stimulate the release of acetylcholine into the blood stream from the adrenal gland. D indicates fibers that bypass collateral ganglia and terminate within the adrenal gland. All the listed statements regarding the fibers at D are correct.

D indicates fibers that bypass collateral ganglia and terminate within the adrenal gland

What do the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions have in common? Most nerve fibers from both divisions innervate many of the same effectors. Most nerve fibers from both divisions share the same sites of origin. The preganglionic nerve fibers in both divisions are of similar length. The ganglia from both divisions are located in or near visceral organs.

Most nerve fibers from both divisions innervate many of the same effectors.

Which of the following is a way in which the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are similar? Both systems share common effectors. Both systems elicit the same target organ responses to their neurotransmitters. Both systems share common efferent pathways. Both systems have ganglia in their motor pathways. None of the listed responses is correct.

None of the listed responses is correct

What differentiates an autonomic reflex from a somatic reflex? a two-neuron motor pathway presence of a sensory receptor an integration center a single sensory neuron in the sensory pathway

a two-neuron motor pathway

Which structure or organ is innervated exclusively by sympathetic fibers? heart iris arrector pili muscles gallbladder

arrector pili muscles

Which of the following target organs/systems is affected by the sympathetic nervous system but is NOT affected by the parasympathetic nervous system? salivary glands cellular metabolism gallbladder lungs

cellular metabolism

Why would smooth muscle associated with lung bronchioles dilate while smooth muscle associated with arterial walls constricts when stimulated by norepinephrine neurotransmitter? different body systems different target organs different receptor types different smooth muscle

different receptor types

Which of the following is not associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? energy conservation resting emergency action digesting

emergency action

The circular structures shown within pathways B and C represent which of the following? rami ganglia tracts nuclei

ganglia

Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? hypothalamus brain stem frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex reticular formation

hypothalamus

A normal response to sympathetic nervous system activation would most likely include the __________. constriction of bronchioles increased uptake of glucose from the blood inhibition of digestive system activity decrease in heart rate

inhibition of digestive system activity

Which description is NOT consistent with the sympathetic division? ganglia close to the spinal cord most innervation from the vagus nerve thoracolumbar long postganglionic fibers

most innervation from the vagus nerve

You are designing a drug to reduce heart rate. Which receptor would you target that gives an inhibitory effect on the heart? α1 adrenergic receptors muscarinic receptors β1 adrenergic receptors nicotinic receptors

muscarinic receptors

Nasal decongestants phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine act to shrink dilated blood vessels in the nasal passages to relieve congestion. They are called sympathomimetics because they act similar to sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Which of the following would be an undesirable side effect associated with their use? muscle aches arm numbness nervousness drowsiness

nervousness

Autonomic nerve fibers that increase heart rate, elevate blood pressure, induce dry mouth, and increase sweating do so primarily through the secretion of __________. both acetylcholine and epinephrine only epinephrine only acetylcholine norepinephrine

norepinephrine

All somatic motor neurons produce __________. only acetylcholine both epinephrine and norepinephrine only norepinephrine both acetylcholine and norepinephrine

only acetylcholine

Which division of the nervous system has long preganglionic neurons? somatic motor sympathetic parasympathetic somatic sensory

parasympathetic

Which of these activities is most likely driven by parasympathetic innervation? fight-or-flight responses sweating and dilating pupils vigorous physical activity resting and digesting

resting and digesting

Which of the following is not an autonomic nervous system (ANS) function? increasing heart rate skeletal muscle reflex emptying the bladder gland secretion

skeletal muscle reflex

Which organ receives major input from the sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, division? bladder salivary glands skin heart

skin

Myelination tends to be heaviest on which types of neurons? parasympathetic postganglionic neurons parasympathetic preganglionic neurons somatic motor neurons sympathetic preganglionic neurons

somatic motor neurons

Which of the following releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine? terminus of a sympathetic postganglionic neuron terminus of a parasympathetic postganglionic neuron terminus of a somatic motor neuron terminus of a sympathetic preganglionic neuron

terminus of a sympathetic postganglionic neuron

The synapse in pathway B has several possible locations. Which of the following is NOT a possible location? the sympathetic chain the spinal cord the adrenal medulla collateral ganglia

the spinal cord

Outflow of the sympathetic division occurs from which regions of the CNS? cranial and sacral thoracic and lumbar cranial only cervical and lumbar

thoracic and lumbar

Autonomic motor neurons __________. innervate skeletal muscle utilize a two-neuron chain to reach their effectors release only acetylcholine are typically heavily myelinated

utilize a two-neuron chain to reach their effectors

Most preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system arise from which nerve pair? splanchnic oculomotor vagus glossopharyngeal

vagus

Which of the following is an effect of norepinephrine binding to beta 2 adrenergic receptors? an increase in heart rate vasodilation vasoconstriction lipolysis

vasodilation

Where are ganglia of the parasympathetic division located? in chains on either side the spinal column within or near effector organs within the medullas of endocrine glands near major arteries just as they exit the aorta

within or near effector organs