Chapter 14: The autonomic nervous system

Cell body of ANS preganglionic neuron.

A

Which of the following statements is not true? A) Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar. B) Sympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS; parasympathetic are close to visceral organs served. C) Sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers. D) Sympathetic has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has minimal branching of preganglionic fibers.

A) Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar.

The parasympathetic ganglion that serves the eye is the ________. A) ciliary ganglion B) pterygopalatine ganglion C) submandibular ganglion D) otic ganglion

A) ciliary ganglion

In aging, autonomic inefficiency is often due to ________. A) clogging of preganglionic axon terminals with filaments B) cerebral hemorrhage C) major loss of axons D) peripheral vascular changes

A) clogging of preganglionic axon terminals with filaments

In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system ________. A) has two efferent neurons B) has two afferent neurons C) stimulates its effector cells D) has both afferent and efferent fibers

A) has two efferent neurons

Raynaudʹs disease ________. A) is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities B) is induced by heat stress C) occurs primarily in association with injury to the spinal cord D) is frequently life-threatening

A) is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities

The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by peripheral ganglia near the ________. A) organs and by short postganglionic fibers B) organs and by long postganglionic fibers C) spinal cord and by short postganglionic fibers D) spinal cord and by long postganglionic fibers

A) organs and by short postganglionic fibers

The "resting and digesting" division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________. A) parasympathetic division B) sympathetic division C) somatic division D) peripheral nervous system

A) parasympathetic division

The ʺresting and digestingʺ division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________. A) parasympathetic division B) sympathetic division C) somatic division D) peripheral nervous system

A) parasympathetic division

Preparing the body for the ʺfight-or-flightʺ response is the role of the ________. A) sympathetic nervous system B) cerebrum C) parasympathetic nervous system D) somatic nervous system

A) sympathetic nervous system

Once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all but which one of the following? A) synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion B) synapase with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion C) ascend or descend the trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion D) pass through the trunk ganglion without synapsing with another neuron

A) synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion

Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________. A) inactivation of ACh is fairly slow B) NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response C) preganglionic fibers are short D) preganglionic fibers are long

B) NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response

Which of the following does not describe the ANS? A) a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands B) a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells C) involuntary nervous system D) general visceral motor system

B) a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells

Beta-blockers ________. A) increase a dangerously low heart rate B) decrease heart rate and blood pressure C) have widespread sympathetic effects D) are potent antidepressants

B) decrease heart rate and blood pressure

Which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation? A) salivation B) dilation of the pupils C) increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera D) relaxation of the urethral sphincter

B) dilation of the pupils

Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ________. A) lateral horn of the spinal cord B) hypothalamus C) lateral geniculate of the thalamus D) inferior colliculus

B) hypothalaumus

Erection of the penis or clitoris ________. A) is primarily under sympathetic control B) is primarily under parasympathetic control C) is the result of coordinated activation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic input D) depends very little on autonomic activation

B) is primarily under parasympathetic control

The parasympathetic fibers of the ________ nerves innervate smooth muscles of the eye that cause the lenses to bulge to accommodate close vision. A) optic B) oculomotor C) trochlear D) abducens

B) oculomotor

The mass reflex reaction ________. A) is also known as autonomic areflexia B) represents a return of reflex activity with no controls from higher centers C) usually precedes spinal shock D) results from overexcitatory input from the cortex

B) represents a return of reflex activity with no controls from higher centers

The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of ________. A) parasympathetic innervation B) sympathetic stimulation C) vagus nerve activity D) neurosecretory substances

B) sympathetic stimulation

Cell body of ANS postganglionic neuron.

C

Autonomic ganglia contain ________. A) an outer connective tissue capsule around the cell bodies of preganglionic motor neurons B) synapses between postganglionic fibers and their effectors C) the cell bodies of motor neurons D) both somatic afferent and efferent neurons

C) The cell bodies of motor neurons

Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerve number ________. A) V B) VII C) X D) XII

C) X

The possibility of control over autonomic responses is demonstrated by ________. A) split brain studies B) stress-induced hypertension C) biofeedback D) nightmares

C) biofeedback

The white rami ________. A) are found only in the C1‐T1 cord segments B) are unmyelinated C) carry preganglionic axons to the sympathetic chain D) carry postganglionic fibers to the periphery

C) carry preganglionic axons to the sympathetic chain

Which is not a plexus of the vagus nerve? A) cardiac B) pulmonary C) celiac D) esophageal

C) celiac

Which of the following is not a plexus of the vagus nerve? A) cardiac B) pulmonary C) celiac D) esophageal

C) celiac

The parasympathetic tone ________. A) prevents unnecessary heart deceleration B) accelerates activity of the digestive tract C) determines normal activity of the urinary tract D) causes blood pressure to rise

C) determines normal activity of the urinary tract

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the ________. A) medulla B) cerebellum C) hypothalamus D) thalamus

C) hypothalamus

Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________. A) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure B) increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure C) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure D) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure

C) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure

Parasympathetic functions include ________. A) a stimulation of heart rate and force of contraction B) allowing the body to cope with an external threat C) lens accommodation for close vision D) mobilizing storage energy sources

C) lens accommodation for close vision

The vagus nerve does not innervate the ________. A) pancreas B) kidneys C) parotid gland D) gallbladder

C) parotoid gland

Which of these effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system? A) smooth muscle B) cardiac muscle C) skeletal muscle D) most glands

C) skeletal muscle

The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is the ________. A) sympathetic trunk B) phrenic nerve C) vagus nerve D) sacral nerve

C) vagus nerve

Visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic in that ________. A) visceral arcs contain two sensory neurons B) somatic arcs contain one additional component that visceral arcs do not possess C) visceral arcs involve two motor neurons D) visceral arcs do not use integration centers

C) visceral arcs involve two motor neurons

Cell body of the somatic neuron.

D

A drug that might be used specifically to reduce heart rate in cardiac patients could be ________. A) anticholinesterase B) epinephrine C) norepinephrine D) a beta-blocker

D) a beta blocker

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in all of the following except ________. A) their effectors B) their efferent pathways C) to some degree in target responses to their neurotransmitters D) all of the neurotransmitters

D) all of the neurotransmitters

The site of origin of the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system is the ________. A) thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord B) higher brain centers C) sympathetic chain D) brain stem and the sacral region of the cord

D) brain stem and sacral region of the cord

Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division include all except ________. A) constriction of most blood vessels B) dilation of the vessels serving the skeletal muscles C) increase of heart rate and force D) dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera

D) dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera

Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebrae? A) second cervical B) third lumbar C) first coccyx D) first thoracic

D) first thoracic

Where would you not find an autonomic ganglion? A) in the head B) in the cervical region C) close to the visceral effectors they serve D) in the armpit

D) in the armpit

The autonomic nervous system ________. A) cannot be self-controlled B) has one primary division C) is not affected by drugs D) is directly controlled by the reticular formation of the brain stem

D) is directly controlled by the reticular formation of the brain stem

Which is a uniquely sympathetic function? A) regulation of pupil size B) regulation of cardiac rate C) regulation of respiratory rate D) regulation of body temperature

D) regulation of body temperature

Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic chain without synapsing form structures called ________. A) white rami communicantes B) gray rami communicantes C) spinal nerves D) splanchnic nerves

D) splanchnic nerves

All preganglionic axons of the autonomic nervous system release ________. A) dopamine B) serotonin C) the same transmitter as the only one released by the sympathetic postganglionic axons D) the same transmitter as the one released by parasympathetic postganglionic axons

D) the same transmitter as the one released by parasympathetic postganglionic axons

The smooth muscle of the digestive viscera is served largely by the ________. A) lumbar splanchnic nerves B) cephalic plexus C) pelvic nerves D) tenth cranial nerve

D) the tenth cranial nerve

Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the ________. A) craniosacral regions, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine B) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine C) craniosacral region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine D) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine

D) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine

Which sympathetic fibers form the splanchnic nerve? A) those that synapse with parasympathetic fibers B) those that synapse in the same trunk ganglion they entered C) those that synapse with somatic fibers D) those that pass through the trunk ganglion to synapse in collateral or prevertebral ganglia

D) those that pass through the trunk ganglion to synapse in collateral or prevertebral ganglia

Myelin sheath.

E

The blood vessels of the skin are one of the few areas of the body where the vessels are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. True or False

False

Sympathetic or Parasympathetic: Stimulates ciliary muscles of the eye.

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic or Parasympathetic: active after you have had a meal

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic or Parasympathetic: decreases heart rate

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic or Parasympathetic: erection of the penis

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic or parasympathetic: Collateral ganglia

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic or parasympathetic: Short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers.

Sympathetic

Sympathetic or parasympathetic: increases blood pressure

Sympathetic

Acetylcholine is the substance released by the axonal endings of the somatic efferent fibers and by the parasympathetic nerve fiber endings. True or False

True

Alpha-adrenergic effects are usually stimulatory and mediatory. True or False

True

Autonomic ganglia are motor ganglia only. True or False

True

Cranial nerves III, VII, and IX supply the entire parasympathetic innervation of the head; however, only the preganglionic fibers lie within these three pairs of cranial nerves. True or False

True

The autonomic nervous system may cause activation or inhibition, depending on the division that is active and the target that is affected. True or False

True

The celiac ganglion is primarily associated with the sympathetic division. True or False

True

The structures that specifically exhibit vasomotor tone are mostly under sympathetic control. True or False

True

Thermoregulatory responses to increased heat are mediated by the sympathetic nervous division. True or False

True

Through direct neural stimulation, the sympathetic division promotes many metabolic effects via hormone release. True or False

True

The ________ division alone stimulates the lens of the eye.

parasympathetic

Sweat glands are innervated by the ________ fibers alone.

sympathetic