Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
The adult brain represents only ____ of the total body weight.
2%
Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________.
Afferent Nerves
Which gland is directly controlled by hormones produced by the hypothalamus?
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Which nuclei are found in the thalamus?
Anterior nucleus, medial nuclei, lateral dorsal nucleus, lateral posterior nucleus, pulvinar nucleus, ventral anterior nucleus, ventral lateral nucleus, ventral posterior nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus, medial geniculate nucleus, intralaminar nuclei, midline nucleus, and reticular nucleus.
Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed through these fingerlike projections found in the dural venous sinuses.
Arachnoid Villi
Which structures are directly involved in memory?
Association areas of the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes; Parts of the limbic system, especially the hippocampus and amygdala; and the Diencephalon.
Which tracts carry impulses between gyri of the same hemisphere?
Association tracts connect gyri of the same hemisphere.
Where do axons in the olfactory tracts terminate?
Axons in the olfactory tracts terminate in the primary olfactory area in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex.
Cerebrospinal fluid carries small amounts of chemicals like glucose from the ______ to neurons and neuroglia.
Blood
This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.
Blood Brain Barrier
Which brain structure consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain?
Brain Stem
What are the major regions of the brain?
Brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum.
Which area of the cerebrum translates thoughts into speech?
Broca's speech area translates thoughts into speech.
Where is CSF reabsorbed?
Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi that project into the dural venous sinuses.
These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.
Choroid Plexuses
What structures make up the limbic system?
Cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, amygdala, septal nuclei, mammillary bodies, anterior nucleus, medial nucleus, olfactory bulbs, fornix, stria terminalis, stria medullaris, medial forebrain bundle, and mammillothalamic tract.
Which tracts carry impulses between gyri in opposite hemispheres?
Commisural tracts connect gyri in opposite hemispheres.
What is controlled by the hypothalamus?
Control of the ANS, production of hormones, regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns, regulation of eating and drinking, control of body temperature, regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness.
Which structure conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?
Corpus Callosum
Which meninges has two layers?
Cranial Dura Mater
What does decussation mean?
Decussation means crossing to the opposite side.
This portion of the limbic system lies between the hippocampus and the parahippocampus gyrus.
Dentate Gyrus
Which brain structure consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus?
Diencephalon
The brain and spinal cord develop from the ______ neural tube.
Ectodermal
What cells line the ventricles of the brain?
Ependymal Cells
Which region of the brain contains the pineal gland?
Epithalamus
True or False: Stage 4 sleep increases in old age.
False
This extension of the dura mater separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.
Falx Cerebri
This portion of the cerebellum contributes to equilibrium and balance.
Flocculomodular Lobe
What are the four major regions of the hypothalamus, from posterior to anterior?
From posterior to anterior, the four major regions of the hypothalamus are the mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic, and preoptic regions.
What are the three layers of the cranial meninges, from superficial to deep?
From superficial to deep, the three cranial meninges are the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the ________.
Hypothalamus
What structure usually connects the right and left halves of the thalamus?
In about 70% of human brains, the intermediate mass connects the right and left halves of the thalamus.
Which type of brain wave indicates emotional stress?
In an EEG, theta waves indicate emotional stress.
This structure carries sensory information coming from proprioceptors found in the trunk and limbs into the cerebellum.
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
Broca's area ________.
Is considered a motor speech area
Declarative memory ________.
Is the ability to learn specific information.
What is the fluid-filled cavity located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum?
Lateral Ventricle
What are medullary nuclei?
Masses of gray matter in the medulla oblongata.
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?
Mechanical protection, pH homeostasis, and circulation.
The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.
Medulla
Which region of the brain contains the inferior olivary nucleus?
Medulla Oblongata
This brain vesicle gives rise to the midbrain and cerebral aqueduct.
Mesencephalon
Where do most axons in the optic tracts terminate?
Most axons in the optic tracts terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
Where do the motor axons of the facial nerve originate?
Motor axons of the facial nerve originate in the pons.
What does the vagus nerve innervate?
Muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and soft palate that are used in swallowing, vocalization and coughing; Lungs, heart, glands of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract; Smooth muscle of the respiratory passageways, esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.
Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers.
The cerebellar cortex consists of folia, which are
Parallel folds of gray matter
The cerebellar cortex consists of folia, which are
Parallel folds of gray matter.
This region of the brain contains pneumotaxic and apneustic areas that help control respiration.
Pons
Literally means "bridge"?
Pons means "bridge".
Which nuclei are found in the pons?
Pontine nuclei, pneumotaxic area, and apneustic area.
Which functional area of the cerebrum is responsible for sensing body touch and temperature?
Primary Somatosensory Area
Which functional area of the cerebrum is responsible for vision?
Primary Visual Area
Which tracts carry impulses between the cerebrum and thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord?
Projection tracts connect the cerebrum with the thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord.
This is a netlike region of white and gray matter that extends throughout the brainstem and functions to help maintain consciousness.
Reticular Formation
Which nucleus found in the midbrain releases dopamine?
Substantia Nigra
This region of the brain serves as the major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem.
Thalamus
How does the accessory nerve differ from the other cranial nerves?
The accessory nerve is the only cranial nerve that originates from both the brain and spinal cord.
Where are the basal nuclei located relative to the thalamus?
The basal nuclei are lateral, superior, and inferior to the thalamus.
Which brain region is anterior to the fourth ventricle? Which is posterior to it?
The brain stem is anterior to the fourth ventricle, and the cerebellum is posterior to it.
Which structures contain the axons that carry information into and out of the cerebellum?
The cerebellar peduncles carry information into and out of the cerebellum.
What is the importance of the cerebral peduncles?
The cerebral peduncles are the main sites through which tracts extend and nerve impulses are conducted between the superior parts of the brain and the inferior parts of the brain and the spinal cord.
What area of the cerebrum integrates interpretaion of visual, auditory, and somatic sensations?
The common integrative association area integrates interpretation of visual, auditory, and somatic sensations.
Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________.
The dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord.
What area of the cerebrum controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes?
The frontal eye field area controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes.
What is the functional consequence of decussation of the pyramids?
The functional consequence of decussation of the pyramids is that each side of the cerebrum controls muscles on the opposite side of the body.
Through which foramen does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the skull?
The glossopharyngeal nerve exits the skull through the jugular foramen.
During development, does the gray matter or the white matter enlarge more rapidly? What are the brain folds, shallow grooves, and deep grooves called?
The gray matter enlarges more rapidly during development, in the process producing convolutions or gyri (folds), sulci (shallow grooves), and fissures (deep grooves).
During brain development, the gyri of the cerebrum are formed because
The gray matter grows faster than the underlying white matter.
What is the origin of the gray matter of the nervous system?
The gray matter of the nervous system derives from the mantel layer cells of the neural tube.
Which part of the limbic system functions with the cerebrum in memory?
The hippocampus is the part of the limbic system that functions with the cerebrum in memory.
Which part of the brain is the largest?
The largest part of the brain is the cerebrum.
What part of the brain stem contains the pyramids?
The medulla oblongata contains the pyramids.
The medial lemniscus is a band of white matter that extends through
The medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain.
Which primary brain vesicle does not develop into a secondary brain vesicle?
The mesencephalon does not develop into a secondary brain vesicle.
What part of the brain stem contains the pyramids?
The midbrain contains the cerebral peduncles.
What area of the cerebrum controls skilled muscular movements?
The premotor area controls skilled muscular movements.
What area of the cerebrum interprets pitch and rhythm?
The primary auditory area allows you to interpret pitch and rhythm.
Which area of the cerebrum interprets sensations related to taste?
The primary gustatory area interprets sensations related to taste.
What area of the cerebrum interprets shape, color, and movement of objects?
The primary visual area allows you to interpret shape, color, and movement of objects.
What structures are found in the spiral ganglia?
The spiral ganglion contains cell bodies from axons that arise in the spiral organ of the cochlea.
Which branch of the oculomotor nerve is distributed to the superior rectus muscle?
The superior branch of the oculomotor nerve is distributed to the superior rectus muscle.
How does the trigeminal nerve compare in size with the other cranial nerves?
The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve.
Which is the smallest cranial nerve.
The trochlear neve is the smallest cranial nerve.
Where is the vagus nerve located in the neck region?
The vagus nerve is located medial and posterior to the internal jugular vein and common carotid artery in the neck.
What structures are found in the vestibular ganglia?
The vestibular ganglion contains cell bodies from sensory axons that arise in the semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle.
Which brain waves are not normal for awake adults but are common for children?
Theta
This is a narrow fluid-filled cavity found along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus.
Third Ventricle
True or False: A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei.
True
True or False: The cerebellum and basal nuclei are involved in regulating motor activity, starting and stopping movements, and coordinating postural movements.
True
True or False: The only cranial nerves to extend beyond the head and neck region are the vagus nerves.
True
What important motor functions are related to the hypoglossal nerve?
Two important motor functions of the hypoglossal nerve are speech and swallowing.
An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.
Visual Association Area
Pyramids are
White matter protrusions found on the medulla oblongata.
