Chapter 14,15,& 16 Study Questions

Why was the Civil War considered the first "modern" war?

-Innovations in communications such as the telegraph were developed for military use. -A variety of new weapons were used in battle that could kill more accurately and at greater distances. -Civilians could follow the status of the war through newspapers and photo exhibits.

What did the presidential nominating convention reveal about political attitudes based on geography?

-Opinions tended to be more radical in the Northeast and Lower South. -Border states tended to be more moderate.

Identify the institutions that proved to be essential in easing the transition for many southern blacks from slavery to freedom.

-School -churches -US Military

What did South Carolina consider the "final signal" for the southern state to execute its plan of abandoning the Union?

-election of Lincoln as President

Identify the congressional reforms passed to address the war's substantial cost for the Union.

-printing paper money -selling government bonds to investors -raising taxes

Opinion of Douglas during debates

American can insist of half free half slave

What was Johnson's approach to Reconstruction upon assuming the presidency following Lincoln's assassination?

He continued the "Restoration" plan developed by Lincoln

What impact did the failure of Congressional Reconstruction have on the Union?

It enabled white southerners to pursue discriminatory policies against African Americans

Identify the regions that made up the Confederacy during the American Civil War.

Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Carolinas, Virginia, and Tennesee

While the Civil War did not begin as a war to end slavery, the ending of that institution with the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment was its most important result.

True

Department of Agriculture

created a federal agency to aid farmers and insure the food supply

Homestead Act

granted 160 acres of public land to settlers who would work the land for five years

Six generals and 1,750 soldiers were lost in Pickett's Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg. What impact did this "grand charge" have on the Confederate cause?

-The charge provided the opportunity for the Union army to chase the Confederates back to Virginia. -It was the climactic assault on the Union lines during the Battle of Gettysburg. -The charge was a great failure for the Confederacy, which forced the Rebel army to retreat to Virginia.

Identify the statements that accurately describe the American "Know-Nothing" party.

-opposed to the expansion of slavery -embraced nativism -opposed to the "fanaticism" of abolitionists

Strong northern support for Congressional Reconstruction, and specifically the protection of African American civil rights, waned during the Grant administration and afterward. What issues contributed to the shift in northern political priorities?

-political controversies over economic issues -the rise of organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan -Indian wars

The Compromise of 1850 was made up of eight distinct resolutions that were intended to reduce tensions over slavery between the North and the South. Identify some of these resolutions.

-to deny Texas its extreme claim to much of New Mexico -to admit California as a free state -to abolish the sale of slaves in the nation's capital -to retain slavery in the District of Columbia

________ in the South differed between states, but they shared common features such as restricting black _________ rights by prohibiting them from __________ against whites and serving on ___________, as well as enforcing __________ laws against the recently emancipated black community.

Black codes; legal; testifying; juries; vagrancy

The __________ Gold Rush was the greatest ___________ in American history and one of the most _________ events in the first half of the nineteenth century. The infusion of _________ into the U.S. economy contributed to the financial support of the _________ during the Civil War. The gold rush also shifted the nation's attention to the West and galvanized __________, such as railroads and telegraph lines, in the Pacific.

California; Mass Migration; Important; Gold; Union Military; Infrastructure Projects

Identify the government that was formed by the seven states that seceded from the Union after the election of Lincoln.

Confederate States of America

According to the ____________, if the ____________ states had actually seceded and were conquered __________, then the __________ branch would be in charge of reconstructing the South.

Constitution; southern; territories; legislative

The __________ case began with a suit filed in the Missouri courts by a Virginia __________ named Dred Scott who claimed that residence in Illinois made him ________ because slavery was _________ there. A ________ decided in Scott's favor, but the decision was _________ by the state Supreme Court. The case went to the U.S. Supreme Court, where the result was 7-2 _________ Scott, claiming he did not have legal standing because no former slave could be an American ______

Dred Scott v. Sanford; slave; free; outlawed; jury; overturned; against; citizen

Abraham Lincoln worked with General George B. McClellan—"Little Napoleon"—who was a military strategist, to plan the successful capture of the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.

False

The term Bleeding Kansas referred to the purging of anti-slavery members from the state legislature following the election of 1855.

False

After the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment, Congress assumed authority over Reconstruction. How did Congressional Reconstruction efforts affect the lives of African Americans in the South?

Former slaves began to gain political influence and vote in large numbers

Identify how South Carolina senator John C. Calhoun countered the Wilmot Proviso.

He insisted that proviso would deprive slave owners of the right to liberty, freedom, and property, since slaves were considered property at that time

readmission to the Union following ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment by the southern states

Johnson's "Restoration" Plan

Why did a New York newspaper report that Lincoln's bid in the 1864 election was now "in the hands of General Grant, and the failure of the General will be the overthrow of the president"?

Lincoln brought Ulysses S Grant to the capital and gave him full control of the Union Army

Identify the first state to secede from the Union in 1860.

South Carolina

In what way were southern redeemers successful in their attempts to weaken Reconstruction?

They eroded Northern interest in reconstruction through a combination of voter intimidation and mobilization of the southern white vote

According to Senator John Sherman, the war encouraged prominent capitalists to make "millions as confidently as formerly of thousands" in industries like steel and iron.

True

Although most northerners in the postwar South were there to help rebuild the economy, critics referred to them as carpetbaggers, opportunists who came purely to gain political control.

True

The eight resolutions presented to Congress by Henry Clay to resolve the "controversy between the free and slave states, growing out of the subject of slavery" had a few controversial points, but the Compromise of 1850 was adopted surprisingly quickly, with less than a year of debate.

True

In the Battle of ___________, General Ulysses S. Grant sought to exhaust the surrounded Confederate army through an artillery ________ as well as through __________. Residents of the city, along with Confederate soldiers, were trapped and could not be resupplied with __________ and food. Rebel soldiers resorted to _________ their horses and mules, with their commander describing the situation as ___________.

Vicksburg; bombardment; starvation; ammunition; eating; "hopeless"

Describe the legacy of Republican rule in the South during Reconstruction.

accomplished a significant number of achievements despite hostile circumstances

The unprecedented scope and scale of the Civil War reached across the _______. Few families were unaffected by the war, as one in every _________ men served. While twice as many American soldiers were killed in the Civil War as were killed in the _________ War, __________, rather than battle, was the greatest threat to soldiers.

continent; 12; second World; disease

The Fugitive Slave Act was the most ____________ proposal in the Compromise of 1850. Not only did it __________ the authority of slave catchers, it made attractive the _________ of free blacks in northern "free states" under the pretense that they were __________ slaves. The law forbade fugitives from receiving a _________ and compelled __________ to help locate and capture runaways.

controversial; reinforce; kidnapping; runaway; jury trial; citizens

President Lincoln was equally dedicated to ending both the abomination of slavery and the Confederate secessionist rebellion.

false

Congressional Reconstruction in the South enabled the majority of blacks to experience ________, but not _________. The _________ of Congressional Reconstruction helped perpetuate the long-standing __________ against African Americans. While oppressive systems such as sharecropping and ________ still existed during and after Reconstruction, some of the failures of the Reconstruction Era laid the groundwork for the _________ nearly a century later.

freedom; equality; collapse; discrimination; voter suppression; civil rights movement

Which statement best describes the economic prospects of African Americans in the South during Reconstruction?

many opted for sharecropping due to lack of money and land

The nineteenth-century U.S. Army was organized into ___________ of about 1,000 soldiers. The Union forces contained a large number of __________ troops, roughly 25 percent. Many units in the Union army were comprised of the same __________. In many cases, these units were drawn from the same local community, with soldiers fighting side by side with neighbors and relatives. The Confederacy's armed forces, conversely, overwhelming consisted of _________ who were __________ into service

regiments; foreign born; community; white southerners; drafted

In the midst of the _________ of southern states, Congress was desperate to reach an agreement in order to avoid a __________. A series of resolutions permitting slavery in new _________ south of the Missouri Compromise line were proposed, but soon after __________ by President-elect Abraham Lincoln. The Senate defeated the _________, but failed at peace talks several weeks later. This was the extent of _________ efforts to save the Union.

secession; civil war; western territories; rejected; Crittenden Compromise; Republican

Morrill Land Grant Act

supported the teaching of agriculture and "mechanic arts" by providing federal aid to state-supported colleges and universities that taught these subjects

What was the primary motivation for supporters of "soft money" policies to advocate for the distribution of greenbacks?

the widespread distribution of greenbacks meant higher prices for crops and more money to pay off debts

One contemporary journalist wrote, "No conflict in history was such a woman's war as the Civil War." Identify the ways in which women contributed to the war efforts that support this statement.

women played prominent roles in the war, ranging from working as nurses to supporting the freedmen's aid movement

Identify the reasons the Union believed at the beginning of the war that its industrial development would ensure a Union victory.

-At the outset of the Civil War, the Union had 90 naval warships, while the Confederacy had no navy; this fleet allowed the Union to blockade southern ports and to easily transport troops via inland rivers into southern territory. -The Union's railroad infrastructure gave the Union a transportation advantage. -The Union states produced 97 percent of the nation's firearms.

Why was slavery in the western territories so important to southerners and southern society?

-Banning slavery in the West would have decreased southern political power. -It was important for southerners to maintain the delicate balance between free and slave states in Congress to protect their slave-centered economy.

Identify the outcomes of the election of 1858.

-Douglas was reelected to the Senate. -Republicans seized control of the House of Representatives.

Identify all of the outcomes of the Compromise of 1877.

-Federal troops were removed from the South -Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was declared president.

Identify the reasons that the Battle of Vicksburg was so crucial to the Union cause.

-Gaining control of this Confederate stronghold would split the Confederacy in two. -Gaining control of this Confederate stronghold would prevent Confederate armies from receiving vital resources.

In his inaugural address on March 4, 1861, Lincoln made many pledges. Identify some of these promises made by the president-elect.

-He pledged to not use force against the South except when in defense of national forts. -He pledged not to obstruct the institution of slavery in states where it existed. -Lincoln insisted that the Union is "perpetual" and that no state could lawfully leave the Union.

Identify the efforts of compromise made by Congress in an attempt to avoid a civil war.

-A constitutional amendment was proposed guaranteeing slavery where it currently existed. -A series of resolutions were proposed that would allow for slavery in the new western territories south of the Missouri Compromise line. -A peace conference was held in Washington, D.C.

Confederate conscription laws included loophole provisions. Under what circumstances was a southern male citizen within the conscription age range exempt from military service?

-A draftee could pay $500 in cash toward the war effort, instead of serving in the military. -Elected officials, key civilian officials, and planters with over twenty slaves were exempt from service. -A draftee could provide an able-bodied substitute who was not of draft age.

Identify how Robert E. Lee responded to the Battle of Vicksburg.

-He sought to develop a military strategy that would persuade Copperhead Democrats to end the war. -He would strike again into the North to force a Union retreat from Vicksburg to defend its home territory.

After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the people of Kansas were "perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions." Identify the various events that took place in Kansas as a result of this act.

-In the 1855 election, individuals from Missouri entered into Kansas and illegally elected pro-slavery legislatures. -Rival groups, both pro- and anti-slavery, attempted to gain political control of the territory and recruited emigrants to move to Kansas. -Free-state advocates met in Topeka, drafted a free-state constitution, and applied for statehood.

As the war waned, Lincoln issued the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction. What were some of the components that made up Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction?

-It allowed former Rebel states to form union governments if they met certain requirements -it excluded Confederate government officials, senior military officers, and congressmen from pardon

What was the Wilmot Proviso, and how did it impact the national debate over slavery?

-It claimed that if any new territory should be acquired from Mexico, slavery would be banned in that new land. -It reignited the debate over the status of slavery in the West.

Identify ways by which the Civil War profoundly changed the South.

-It destroyed the southern economy and cut its productivity in half. -It destroyed modes of transportation within the South.

In 1865, Henry Adams left the plantation where he had been enslaved. A group of whites confronted him on the road, asked the name of his owner, and beat him when he declared, "I now belong to no one." How does the response to Henry Adams's claim reflect the status of slaves post-emancipation?

-It illustrated the complex status of African Americans after the war, as many did not immediately enjoy equal status -It demonstrated why some slaves left plantations for cities -it embodied the general feeling among southern whites who resented the new status of African Americans.

Who adopted the constitution for the Confederate States of America, and what did the document mandate?

-It insisted that slavery as an institution be "recognized and protected." -It was endorsed by representatives of the seceding states, including slave owners.

How did the end of the war change the political landscape of the United States?

-It shifted the political balance of power from the South to the North. -It expanded the power and scope of the federal government. -It greatly expanded the federal budget and transformed the government into the nation's largest employer.

Identify the actions President Lincoln took in 1862 that suggest he was considering emancipating all slaves within the Confederacy.

-Lincoln confided in his cabinet that he was contemplating emancipation as a way to weaken the Confederacy and boost morale among Union troops. -In early 1862, Lincoln signed an act that outlawed slavery in Washington, D.C. -In mid-1862, Lincoln supported an act that prohibited slavery in the western territories.

Identify how the Emancipation Proclamation affected the Militia Act and the composition of the Union's armed forces.

-One hundred and eighty thousand black troops enlisted in the Union army, approximately 80 percent of whom were from the South. -Freed blacks became eligible for the first time to serve in the Union army and were aggressively recruited after the Emancipation Proclamation.

Identify the events and groups that contributed to the end of Congressional Reconstruction.

-Panic of 1873 -KKK -Redeemers -Compromise of 1877

Opinions of Lincoln during debates

-The American government can't exist as half free and half slave. -My opponent is only interested in "process" or "poplar sovereignty." -I am focused on principle.

Identify the elements of the Confederate war strategy at the beginning of the Civil War

-The Confederacy wanted to use British and French demand for southern cotton to persuade them to support the Confederate cause. -The Confederate leadership wanted to prolong the war as long as possible. -The Confederacy counted on northern Confederate sympathizers to exert pressure on the Union government to end the war effort.

Identify how the necessities of the Union army changed the way the nation approached food.

-The Homestead Act encouraged settlers to claim acres of federal lands in exchange for working the land for five years. -The canning industry was created in response to the Union army's requirement of massive amounts of food. -Chicago was transformed into the meatpacking capital of the world.

Identify the ways southern whites reacted to Reconstruction.

-The Ku Klux Klan and similar groups emerged. -Southern elites developed ways to indirectly control freed blacks. -The traditional planter elite wanted to "redeem" the South from Republican rule.

In 1862, General Robert E. Lee took the war into Union territory at the Battle of Antietam outside Sharpsburg, Maryland. What were the ramifications of the Battle of Antietam for the course of the Civil War?

-The Union's ability to repel the Confederate invasion greatly improved morale among Union troops. -The Antietam victory for the Union allowed President Lincoln to fight to pass the Emancipation Proclamation. -The results of the battle dashed Confederate hopes of establishing an alliance with Britain and France.

Identify some of the Union initiatives passed in Congress as a result of the power shift from the South to the North, as well as how these initiatives affected the nation's economy.

-The construction of a transcontinental railroad connected goods and markets across the country. -A new federal banking system to create paper money put a national currency into place. -A higher tariff bill to raise government revenue protected and encouraged the growth of American industry.

Describe the status of race relations in the South by the end of Congressional Reconstruction.

-The majority of southern whites were members of the Democratic Party -Most southern whites still opposed civil rights and social equality for African Americans.

Identify the significant political repercussions of the contested elections of 1876.

-The political will to protect the civil rights of blacks in the South dissipated significantly after the Compromise of 1877. -The Civil War legacy prevented Tilden from protesting Hayes's victory for fear of more war. -Hayes ordered federal troops to withdraw from the South, leading to the collapse of Republican governments across the South.

Identify the ways in which the Civil War impacted the southern economy.

-The war destroyed much of the infrastructure and left many major cities uninhabitable. -The war abolished the institution of slavery, which was a multibillion-dollar industry in the region. -Most of the South's cotton was destroyed during the war or seized later by federal troops.

Identify all of the aspects of the Radical Republicans' stance on Reconstruction.

-They constantly argued that southern society should be drastically changed -they believed that congress alone should be in control of reconstruction

Identify the elements of the Union military's Anaconda Plan.

-Union forces divided the Confederacy by advancing along the crucial inland water routes via the Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland Rivers. -The Federal navy blockaded southern ports to keep the Confederacy from accessing foreign goods and weapons. -The Army of the Potomac defended Washington, D.C., against Confederate encroachment, while advancing on the Confederate capital at Richmond.

Identify the five military districts governed by generals put in place by Congress after the defeat of the Confederacy during the Civil War.

-Virginia -North and South Carolina -Alabama,Georgia, Florida -Mississippi and Arkansas -Louisiana and Texas

Describe the impact of the Panic of 1873 on Congressional Reconstruction efforts.

-Weakened the National Economy -reduced the emphasis northern voters placed on reconstructing the south

Identify all the ways the Freedmen's Bureau assisted recently freed slaves in their transition to life outside bondage.

-assisted former slaves in finding family members from whom they had been separated during the course of their enslavement -established schools so that former slaves could have the opportunity to learn to read and write negotiated labor contracts between freed blacks and white employers in the South -provided health care, clothing, and food to recently freed slaves to help them establish themselves

Identify the statements below that accurately describe the new Republican party.

-dedicated to the exclusion of slavery from the western territories -created when the "conscience Whigs" joined with anti-slavery Democrats and Free-Soilers

Identify the main advantages the North had during the Civil War.

-industrial development and infrastructure -three-to-one advantage in human resources

After victories in the South at Vicksburg, the North at Gettysburg, and the West at _________ began to change the momentum of the war, Union commander __________ dramatically changed the strategy of the Union military. He arranged for Union armies in Virginia, Tennessee, and Louisiana - the three _________ in the Union—to launch an __________ offensive. The Federals would compel the rebel army to __________ until exhaustion and execute a strategy of _________. Grant assigned ___________ to push through the South where, after defeating Confederate forces in Georgia, Sherman burned major sections of __________ and moved on to strike terror in a path of destruction in ___________. At the same time, Grant relentlessly pursued Robert E. Lee. After Grant had surrounded Lee and his _________ troops, Lee agreed to meet at the ____________, where Lee surrendered and the Civil War came to an end.

Chatanooga; Grant; largest; endless; fight; "total conquest"; General Sherman; Atlanta; Sherman's "March to Sea"; exhausted; Appomattox Courthouse

forced southern states to create new constitutions that ensured voting rights for African American men, established Confederate states as conquered territories governed by Congress, and political equality for black men

Congressional Reconstruction Plan

After the fall of Fort Sumter and the outbreak of the Civil War, civilian supporters of the Union and the Confederacy alike wanted their respective forces to advance slowly and cautiously to avoid an early defeat and to spare as many American lives as possible.

False

During Ulysses S. Grant's two terms as president, Reconstruction remained the dominant political issue for the majority of northern voters.

False

Johnson proved to be a strong supporter of black civil rights throughout his presidency.

False

Most southerners fought for the Union during the Civil War

False

President Johnson's veto of a bill renewing the Freedmen's Bureau, as well as his criticism of Radical Republican support for black civil rights, did little to drive a wedge between the two wings of the Republican party.

False

President Polk believed the claims in the Wilmot Proviso to be an opportunity to ease tensions between the North and the South. He firmly supported the proviso and signed the bill immediately after its passage in the Senate.

False

The Confederate soldiers at Vicksburg were determined to face horror and hardship rather than consider surrender to the Union.

False

The fighting in the Civil War was deeply personal and battles took place in extremely close quarters

False

The fracturing of the Democratic party made a Republican victory in 1860 virtually impossible.

False

The lower southern states cited various grievances against the federal government as reasons for seceding. They chose to leave out the issue of slavery in order to gain legitimacy from the Union.

False

How did Senator Stephen A. Douglas's 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act reignite tensions between the North and the South over the issue of slavery?

His proposal abandoned the Missouri Compromise boundary line and allowed the voters of each territory to decide the status of slavery

What was President Lincoln's primary motivation for directly attacking the institution of slavery?

Lincoln moved to weaken the Confederacy by dismantling the institution of slavery because "we must free the slaves or ourselves be subdued

readmission to the Union for former Rebel states when at least 10 percent of those who voted in 1860 took an oath of allegiance to the Union

Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

Following the __________ of 1862, the Union allowed blacks to enlist in the Union _________. Within the Union military, white and black soldiers were considered __________. Black soldiers received ____________ a month, compared to white soldiers who received ___________. Additionally, white Union troops were eligible for a __________, while black recruits were not.

Militia Act; army; unequal; 7$; 16$; signing bonus

What group of people was not protected under the Civil Rights Act of 1866?

Native Americans

Identify the outcomes of Congressional Reconstruction that gave birth to a second reconstruction as the civil rights movement in the twentieth century.

Ratification of the 14th and 15th Amendments

The question of who within the federal government had authority over Reconstruction was a major source of debate. What was Lincoln's position?

Southern States had never left the union, so the executive branch had authority over reconstruction

Lincoln believed that the Confederate states had never actually left the Union. Why was his view important in deciding how these states would be reintegrated into the Union after the Civil War?

The executive branch of the federal government is in charge of reconstituting state governments, so that meant it was Lincoln's responsibility to re-form the state governments.

While Reconstruction did not immediately provide for the full protection of economic opportunities or social equality for African Americans, it did leave behind a constitutional legacy that allowed for future civil rights achievements.

True

As with the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, slaves often took the chance to escape bondage when afforded the opportunity in the Civil War. Slaves joined the Union war effort, served as Union spies in the South, and pursued their own interests.

True

Human casualties and injuries were so great during the Civil War that some southern states spent 20 percent or more of their annual budget on health care for veterans.

True

Religious life was significant for African Americans after the Civil War because black churches were the first social institutions that former slaves could control.

True

So many men were away fighting the war in the South that the home front became largely the domain of women, children, and slaves.

True

The chief debate within the federal government over who should direct the Reconstruction of the South was between the executive and legislative branches of government.

True

The early sentiment in the North that __________ could "go down South for three months and clean up the whole business" was ________ at the _________ —the first large-scale military engagement between Union and Confederate armies. Hundreds of civilians rode to the site of the battle to watch the spectacle. Both sides fought hard and at first the Union thought it had _________ the entire war with this single victory, but when Confederate troops arrived, ____________ directed his forces to charge the Union lines, yelling "like furies," and caused a _________ in the Union troops who ___________. The ___________ victory gave the early advantage in the war to the ___________, as a Union victory now became far from __________ and crushed the belief that this would be a __________ war.

Union soldiers; destroyed; first battle at bull run; won; General "Stonewall" Jackson; panic; retreated; Confederate; south; certain; short

What is the following passage an excerpt from? "All freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes in this State, over the age of eighteen years, found on the second Monday in January, 1866, or thereafter, with no lawful employment or business, or found unlawfully assembling themselves together, either in the day or night time ... shall be deemed vagrants, and on conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum not exceeding ... fifty dollars ... and imprisoned at the discretion of the court ... not exceeding ten days."

a black code