Chapter 14scw
Which of the following is an abbreviation for the name of a recording of the electrical activity of the brain?
EEG (An electroencephalogram tracing varies during the various stages of sleep. They can also be used to help detect various brain disorders.)
In what sequence would the following areas be involved for you to repeat a word you hear? Wernicke's area, Broca's area, primary auditory cortex, premotor area, primary motor cortex
1. Primary Auditory Complex 2. Wernicke's Area 3. Broca's Area 4. Premotor Area 5. Primary Motor Cortex (First the auditory input must be processed by the primary auditory cortex located in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum. Wernicke's area would be necessary to formulate coherent speech and Broca's area would then initiate the complex movements required for the speech. Motor functions are then organized in the premotor area before being initiated by the primary motor cortex, which controls the specific skeletal muscles necessary.)
In what sequence would the following areas of the brain be involved for you to see, recognize, and tell someone about the words in this sentence? Broca's area, Wernicke's area, primary motor cortex, visual cortex
1. Visual Cortex 2. Wernicke's Area 3. Broca's Area 4. Primary Motor Cortex (First, the visual image needs to be processed by the visual cortex in the cerebrum. Wernicke's area would be necessary to formulate coherent speech and Broca's area would then initiate the complex movements required for the speech. Finally, the primary motor cortex would control the specific skeletal muscles necessary.)
In what sequence would the following areas of the CNS be involved in a planned movement involving the hands? brachial plexus, primary motor area, premotor area, prefrontal area
1. prefrontal area 2. premotor area 3. primary motor area 4. brachial plexus (The prefrontal area initiates movement. Motor functions are then organized in the premotor area before being initiated by the primary motor cortex. The brachial plexus then innervates the upper limbs.)
Sensory information on its way from your hand to the cerebral cortex would pass through the following structures in what sequence? medulla oblongata, midbrain, pons, spinal cord, thalamus
1. spinal cord 2. medulla oblongata 3. pons 4. midbrain 5. thalamus (sensory nerve tracts ascend to the spinal cord, to the brainstem-medulla, pons, and midbrain-on their way to the thalmus before being directed to the appropriate region of the cerebrum.)
4 true statements about cutaneous information detected below the head that results in a sensation: Transmission involves a ______neuron pathway. The signals are routed to the ____________ through the thalamus. The signals travel up the spinal cord in specific ascending ____________. _____________ (crossing over) may occur in the medulla oblongata as well as in the spinal cord.
3; cerebral cortex; tracts; Decussation
A lesion in Broca's area results in defective speech, which is a type of _____________
Aphasia (Aphasia is the term used to describe absent or defective speech. Depending upon the lesion, various forms of aphasia may occur.)
Coordinates complex muscular actions that make speech possible.
Broca's area (the motor speech area located in the inferior part of the left frontal lobe)
What type of brain wave occurs during deep sleep?
Delta (Delta waves normally occur during stage 4 of sleep or deep sleep. they have a lower frequency. Delta waves also occur in infancy and in patients with severe brain disorders.)
Which receptors detect an INCREASE IN TENSION in muscle?
Golgi tendon organ (Golgi tendon organs are activated by an INCREASE in tendon tension, caused by either muscular contraction or passive stretching of the tendon.)
Which of the following statements are true in regards to the general sleep pattern of the elderly?
More time is required to fall asleep and there are more periods of wakefulness during the night. (As one ages, not only does it take longer to fall asleep, but there tends to be an increase in stage 1 of sleep, REM--the least restful stage of sleep--and less of stage 4--the most restful stage of sleep.)
Each of the following is correctly paired EXCEPT__________. Spinocerebellar tract - proprioception Spinoolivary tract - balance Spinotectal tract - visual reflexes Spinothalamic tract - 2 point discrimination Dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system - 2 point discrimination
Spinothalamic tract (transmits pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tactile, and itch sensations.)
Which of the following structures is involved in both explicit memory as well as the development of fear?
amygdaloid nucleus (The hippocampus and the amygdaloid nucleus both are involved in explicit memory, however, the amygdaloid nucleus is also involved in the development of fear.)
The condition resulting from a lesion in the premotor area that causes impairment of a musician's ability to play the piano is called __________________
apraxia (apraxia is an impairment in the ability to perform learned movements)
In most people, Wernicke's area communicates with Broca's area through _____________fibers.
association (Association fibers connect areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere. Wernicke's area and Broca's area are both major areas involved in speech. In most people, both areas are in the left cerebral hemisphere.)
A pen is placed in your left hand behind your back. What tracts would be involved in your ability to state what is in your hand?
association, commiussural, and corticobulbar (The corticospinal tract is a descending or motor tract.)
In which of the following areas does word recognition occur?
auditory association area (association areas receive information from the primary areas and are involved in the process of recognition)
What type of brain wave is recorded when a student is actively involved in formulating an answer to a question posed in class?
beta (Beta waves have higher frequencies and occur during intense mental activity)
How does sensory information reaching the left cerebral hemisphere get transferred to the right hemisphere to be used in decision making and speaking?
by way of nerve fibers in the corpus callosum (The corpus callosum is the largest commissure of the brain. It is a broad band of nerve tracts at the base of the longitudinal fissure that allows sensory information received by one hemisphere to be transferred to the other hemisphere.)
Which of the following is NOT involved in the formation and expression of feelings and emotions?
cerebellum (The limbic system includes structures of the cerebrum and the diencephalon as well as receiveing input from the olfactory nerves)
Procedural memory is stored primarily in which of the following areas?
cerebellum and premotor area (Procedural or implicit memory involves the development of skills)
Proprioceptors are involved in detecting ___________
changes in tension in muscles and tendons (proprioceptors are sensory receptors associated with joints, tendons, and other connective tissue...2 types are Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles)
Changes in the blood concentration of glucose, oxygen, and hydrogen ions are detected by
chemoreceptors (chemoreceptors are stimulated by a change in the concentration of chemicals such as glucose, oxygen, CO2, and hydrogen ions)
Ascending tracts of the spinal cord occur in the _____________
columns (The white matter of the spinal cord consists of myelinated axons forming ascending and descending tracts. The white matter is organized into columns.)
Descending tracts of the spinal cord occur in the _________________
columns (the white matter of the spinal cord consists of myelinated axons forming ascending and descending tracts. The white matter is organized into columns)
Which of the following is an effect of aging on the nervous system?
decreased awareness of tactile stimulation (As one ages, free nerve endings and hair follicle receptors largely remain unchanged, however, pacinian corpuscles and Meissner's corpuscles decrease in number and become structurally distorted, thus elderly have a decreased awareness of tactile and pressure stimulation.)
Nerve fibers that cross over from one side of the body to the other within the spinal cord or medulla oblongata are said to _____________
decussate (decussate is derived from the Latin word meaning to form an X)
The neurons in the primary motor area that control the movements in your left foot are located__________________
deep in the longitudinal fissure on the medial side of the right precentral gyrus (Recall that the lateral portion of the precentral gyrus-the primary motor complex-controls movements to the head and neck region, while the medial portion of the precentral gyrus controls movements of the trunk and apendages. Also recall that one side of the cerebral cortex controls skeletal movement on the opposite side of the body.)
What type of brain waves predominate in an EEG recorded during stage 4 sleep?
delta
The lateral corticospinal tract is a ___________pathway originating in the precentral gyrus. Direct pathways are involved in the maintenance of ______________ and controlling ________________skilled movements.
direct; muscle tone; conscious
The fasciculus gracilis on each side of the spinal cord is located in the _____________
dorsal column (The fasciculus gracilis is part of the dorsal column/medial lemniscal system, which carries the sensation of 2-point discrimination, proprioception, pressure, and vibration.)
The fasciculus gracilis on each side of the spinal cord is located in the ______________
dorsal column (the fasciculus gracilis along with the fasciculus cuneatus form the dorsal-column/medial lemniscal system. As the name implies, it is located in the dorsal column of the spinal cord. It carries information concerning proprioception and 2-point discrimination.)
The fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus are both tracts of which pathway?
dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system (The dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system carries the sensations of 2-point discrimination, proprioception, pressure and vibration.)
True statements about the indirect pathways of the voluntary motor system: -They constitute the_____________ system. -They constitute one of the two groups of upper __________ neurons. -They are largely involved in controlling ________________________. -Upper motor neurons synapse on ____________________rather than directly with lower motor neurons.
extrapyramidal; motor; overall body coordination and posture; intermediate neurons
Which of the following types of sensory nerve endings is involved in detecting changes in temperature?
free nerve endings (the simplest and most common receptor, free nerve endings detect multiple sensations including pain, itch and temperature)
Chemoreceptors detect a change in the blood concentration of ____________, __________, and _____________ions
glucose, oxygen, and hydrogen
You sense a tick crawling up your arm. Name a type of receptors that is involved?
hair follicle receptors (detect light touch. The name is based upon the fact that they respond to slight bends of the hair)
What area of the cerebral cortex is thought to be involved with explicit or declarative memory?
hippocampus (Explicit or declarative memory involves the ability to retain facts such as names and dates. The hippocampus, part of the temporal lobe, is believed to be involved in retrieving this type of information.)
Damage to the reticular formation is most likely to result in which of the following?
irreversible coma (The reticular formation stimulates wakefulness and consciousness, thus damage would result most likely in a coma.)
The posterior spinocerebellar tract on each half of the spinal cord is located in the ____________ column of the spinal cord
lateral (There are 2 spinocerebellar tracts, the posterior spinocerebellar tract and the anterior spinocerebellar tract. Both are located in the lateral column of the spinal cord.)
The posterior spinocerebellar tract in each half of the spinal cord is located in the _______________
lateral column (The posterior spinocerebellar tract transmits proprioceptive information from the thorax, upper limbs and upper lumbar region to the cerebellum. It is located in the lateral column of the spinal cord.)
Which of the descending tracts of the spinal cord is NOT an indirect pathway?
lateral corticospinal tracts (Indirect or extrapyramidal pathways are involved in less precise motor control such as maintaining posture. Direct or pyramidal pathways are involved in the maintenance of muscle tone and controlling conscious skilled movements. The lateral corticospinal tract is a direct pathway.)
What tract conducts sensory impulses for pain and temperature from various levels of the spinal cord to the thalamus?
lateral spinothalmic tracts (The spinothalamic system is divided into the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts...)
An injury to the lateral portion of the postcentral gyrus in the right hemisphere would result in some loss of sensation in the _____________
left facial area (Each hemisphere receives somatic sensory information from the opposite side of the body in the postcentral gyrus. The lateral portion of the postcentral gyrus receives somatic sensory information from the facial and neck region while the medial portion of the postcentral gyrus receives somatic sensory information from the trunk and appendages.)
Severing which part of the spinothalamic tract would result in pain impulses from the right side being blocked?
left lateral (The lateral soinothalmic tract carries pain and temperature information. Sensory information entering into the spinal cord crosses over to the opposite side prior to ascending the lateral spinothalamic tract.)
What is the complex of structures called that controls emotional experience and can modify the way a person acts?
limbic system (The limbic system includes structures of the cerebrum and the diencephalon as well as receiving input from the olfactory nerves, which is why smells can illicit strong emotions)
The _________________is a tract of nerve fibers that conveys sensory signals to the thalamus.
medial lemniscus (The medial lemniscus, meaning "ribbon", has a ribbon-like appearance. It is a tract that extends from the medulla through the brainstem to the thalamus.)
Which of these receptors detects lengthening or stretching of a MUSCLE?
muscle spindle
The 2 main kinds of stretch receptors or proprioceptors that transmit information to the spinal cord and brain about muscle tension and length are________________
muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs
The sensory areas for vision are located in the ________________
occipital lobes (The cerebrum is divided into lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes as well as the insula, which is frequently referred to as the fifth lobe. The visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe.)
Which of the following is NOT true about REM sleep? eyes flicker under the eyelids, the EEG resembles that of a waking state, most dreams occur during REM sleep, occurs during stage 2 of sleep
occurs during stage 2 of sleep (REM, or rapid eye movement sleep occurs during stage 1 of sleep.
Which of the following cranial nerves does not have axons that pass through the brainstem or nuclei in the brainstem?
olfactory (I) nerve (All cranial nerves except the first cranial nerve, the olfactory-I-nerve does not have any connection with the brainstem)
Which of these nerve endings detects deep pressure and consists of a single nerve process surrounded by a capsule layered like an onion?
pacinian corpuscle
Somatic receptors involved in detecting heavy pressure
pacinian corpuscles (pacinian/lamellated corpuscles are receptors found in the deep dermis or hypodermis. They are responsible for detecting deep cutaneous pressure)
If the lateral spinothalmic tract is cut, what sensation would be absent on the opposite side below the incision?
pain and temperature (The lateral spinothalamic tract carries pain and temperature information and the anterior spinothalamic tract carries light touch, pressure, tickle and itch sensations.)
In addition to planning and initiating movements, the prefrontal areas of the frontal lobes also functions to ________________________
perform higher intellectual processes such as concentrating, planning and complex problem solving (The prefrontal area is well developed in primates...)
Somatic sensory signals are routed to which of the following areas_______________
postcentral gyrus
The primary somatic sensory cortex is located in the _____________
postcentral gyrus (Most of the postcentral gyrus, of the parietal lobe, is called the primary somatic sensory cortex or the general sensory area.)
The sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, and pain occur in the _______________of each ____________lobe.
postcentral gyrus; parietal lobe (The postcentral gyrus of each parietal lobe contains the primary somatic sensory cortex. The thalamus projects general somatic sensory information to this part of the cerebrum.)
The primary motor areas are located in the ___________________
precentral gyrus of each frontal lobe (The primary motor area, located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe, controls many voluntary movements, especially the fine motor movements produced by the hand)
True statements about lateral corticospinal tracts: -The motor nerve fibers in them originate primarily in the____________ of each frontal lobe. -The fibers______________ in the pyramids of the medulla oblongata. -The fibers descend in the spinal cord to motor neurons that innervate __________________ -The lateral corticospinal tract is a _________ pathway that provides for conscious control of skeletal muscle.
precentral gyrus; decussate; skeletal muscles; direct
TRUE statements about the lateral corticospinal tract: The motor nerve fibers in them originate primarily in the____________ of each frontal lobe. The fibers decussate in the_____________ of the medulla oblongata. The fibers descend in the spinal cord to motor neurons that innervate _____________.
precentral gyrus; pyramids; skeletal muscles
The primary MOTOR area is located in the _________gyrus of each __________lobe
precentral; frontal (The central sulcus is between the frontal and parietal lobes. The gyrus anterior to the sulcus is the precentral gyrus. It contains the primary motor area.)
The motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movements is located in which of the following areas?
prefrontal area
What combination of general senses depends on mechanoreceptors?
pressure and proprioception (Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stimuli such as touch, proprioception, compression, and stretching of cells)
All of the following nerve ending are found in the skin EXCEPT____________ pacinian corpuscles, proprioceptors, Ruffini's corpuscles, tactile discs
proprioceptors (are associated with joints, tendons, and other connective tissues)
Sensory receptors that are stimulated by the position of the body or its parts are called _____________
proprioceptors (proprioceptors provide information about body position, movement, and the extent of stretch. They are associated with joints, tendons, and other connective tissues)
Because of injuries received in an automobile accident, a young man remains hospitalized in a coma. It is likely the injuries affected his __________________
reticular formation (The portion of the reticular formation that stimulates wakefulness and consciousness constitutes the reticular activating system--RAS.)
The group of nuclei scattered throughout the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain that activates the cerebral cortex into a state of wakefulness is called the _______________
reticular formation (The portion of the reticular formation that stimulates wakefulness and consciousness constitutes the reticular activating system--RAS.)
Which of the following tracts carry motor impulses that control posture adjustment?
reticulospinal tracts (The direct motor pathways normally directly control speed and precision of skilled movements. Indirect motor pathways are involved with coordination and maintaining posture. The reticulospinal pathway is an indirect pathway.)
Which tracts carry motor impulses to trunk and upper and lower limb muscles to maintain posture?
reticulospinal tracts (the name of most sensory tracts begin with "spino" while the name of most motor tracts end with "spinal". The reticuluospinal tract is an indirect pathway. Indirect pathways are involved in less precise motor control such as maintaining posture.)
The neuron of the spinothalamic system that ascends within the spinal cord and carries sensory information from a dorsal horn to the thalamus is designated a ____________neuron
secondary (The primary neuron transmits input from the periphery to an interneuron within the spinal cord. The secondary neuron crosses to the opposite side of the spinal cord and then ascends to the thalamus and the tertiary neuron sends impulses from the thalamus to the cerebrum. There is no quaternary neuron.)
The neuron that ascends within the spinal cord and carries sensory information from a dorsal horn to the thalamus is designated a ______________
secondary neuron (In a 3-neuron sequence, the secondary neuron crosses to the opposite side of the spinal cord and then ascends to the thalamus.)
Decussation of ascending spinal pathways occurs mainly within the ________________
spinal cord (at the level of origin) and medulla oblongata
Decussation (crossing) of ascending spinal pathways occurs mainly within the __________ and ____________
spinal cord and medulla oblongata (most ascending pathways and tracts do sucussate or cross, however some do remain uncrossed. Of those that cross, most do so in the spinal cord or the medulla oblongata)
Which of the following spinal cord ascending tracts conveys sensory information about which we become consciously aware?
spinothalamic (As the name implies, the spinothalamic tract sends impulses to the thalamus. recall that most sensory input projects to the thalamus which then sends impulses to the cerebral cortex where one becomes consciously aware of sensory information.)
Which of the following spinal cord ascending pathways conveys sensory information about which we become consciously aware?
spinothalamic (The spinothalamic pathway transmits sensory information to the thalamus, which then directs the impulse to the somatic sensory cortex of the cerebrum. The cerebrum is the level of conscious awareness.)
In which ascending pathways or tracts do the secondary neurons decussate within the spinal cord?
spinothalamic tracts (Secondary neurons cross at the point within the spinal cord where the primary neuron enters and then enters the spinothalamic tract, which transmits cutaneous sensory information)
In what ascending pathways or tracts do the secondary neurons decussate (cross) within the spinal cord?
spinothalamic tracts (Secondary neurons of the spinothalamic tract cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord and then ascend to the thalamus)
The neuron of the spinothalamic system that sends impulses from the thalamus to the somatic sensory cortex (cerebrum) is designated a _______________neuron
tertiary
You stick yourself with a pin but a signal is not transmitted to the thalmus. Which of the following is NOT INVOLVED in your failure to perceive the pain?
tertiary neuron
You touch a hot object, the signal reaches the thalamus but the sensation of hot is not perceived. What is NOT TRANSMITTING the signal to an intact postcentral gyrus?
tertiary neuron (...sends impulses from the thalamus to the cerebrum)
Exteroceptors provide information about ___________
the body's external environment (Extero- means "outside")
Which low-frequency brain waves are normal in children and sleeping adults but suggest emotional stress or brain disorders in awake adults?
theta (Theta waves usually occur in children, but can occur in adults experiencing frustration or emotional distress)
Which of the following is a spinal cord pathway or tract that is composed of motor fibers?
vestibulospinal tract (Most motor tracts end with spinal. The vestibulospinal tract is an indirect pathway responsible primarily for maintaining posture and balance.)
Which of the following is a spinal cord pathway or tract that is composed of motor fibers?
vestibulospinal tract (motor tracts originate in the brain and terminate in the spinal cord. As the name implies, the vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei and terminates in the spinal cord. It transmits impulses for maintaining posture.)
The occipital lobes contain which primary sensory areas?
visual (The visual cortex, where visual images are processed, is located in the occipital lobe)
Incoming visual information is compared with past experience in which area?
visual association area (association areas receive information from the primary areas and are involved in the process of recognition)