Chapter 15-16 Test
Rump Parliament
"Rump" normally means the hind end of an animal; its use meaning "remnant" was first recorded in the above context in English. Since 1649, the term "rump parliament" has been used to refer to any parliament left over from the actual legitimate parliament purged the Long Parliament, on 6 December 1648, of those members hostile to the Grandees' intention to try King Charles I for high treason.
Henry III (The last of the Valois Kings)
(1574) turns to Huguenots to defeat the powerful Catholic League (formed by the Guise family). Made Henry of Navarre his heir in 1589. Henry III assassinated, Henry becomes Henry IV (begins the Bourbon dynasty).
Parliament struggles with the Crown
-Charles I succeeds his father, James I, and take over the throne only to face an aggressive Parliament -Parliament resists new taxes and resents king's extension of personal control -1628: Parliament forced Charles to sign the Petition of Right which stated that Charles would not raise taxes without Parliament's consent -Charles refuses to call Parliament from 1629-1640 -Parliament promises to give Charles I money if he will grant an increase in their power -Parliament wanted right to tax and to meet once every 3 years -Charles I agrees and gets money; wins war against Scotland -Parliament expects to get power increase, but Charles I does not grant it to them -Civil War begins -Cavaliers: Loyal to the king, Anglican -Roundheads: Loyal to the Parliament, Puritan -Classified by their bald heads -Led by Oliver Cromwell -Parliament wins the war -Charles I is executed
Scientific Advancements
-Montaigne -was a Catholic, "all that is certain is that nothing is certain"- Skepticism -Grotius- natural law stood beyond the reach of divine or secular authority, challenged the use of torture, the natural rights were: life, body, freedom, and honor -Copernicus- heliocentrism: the planets orbit around the sun, -Brahe- discovers a new star -Kepler- found ellipses in the planets orbits -Galileo- proved that earth is not the only planet revolving around the sun, it is part of a bigger system -Harvey- the heart is like a machine -Bacon- inductive reasoning
The French Civil Wars/wars of religion (1562-1598)
A period of civil infighting, military operations and religious war primarily fought between Roman Catholics and Huguenots (Reformed Protestants) in the Kingdom of France. Calvinism @ France. Henry II dies, Francis II is king, replaced by brother Charles IX, then Henry III (Last of the Valois kings). All three dominated by mother Catherine de' Medici Struggle for power among three prominent families. Rise of nation-state in France contributes to decline in power of old aristocratic families; Families hope that with a weak monarch on the throne, they could reverse this trend. Guises (most powerful of 3) militant reactionary form of Catholicism. Prince of Conde (leading Bourbon) converts to Calvinism. Wars of Religion begins in 1562: Duke of Guise infuriated to see Huguenots worshiping, orders them to be killed. Duke of Guise and Prince of Conde were killed, Huguenots have upper hand. (Sign of Calvinist ascendancy) Henry of Navarre (Bourbon) marries King Charles IX's sister. Political eclipse of Valois family concerned Catherine de' Medici (constantly fought to balance out the power of the aristocratic families to protect the interests of her sons).
Absolutism
A system of government in which a monarch rules freely, with no laws or legally organized opposition (I am the State) 1)People Ex. Revoked Edict of Nantes 2) Rules of state (law) Ex. Bureaucracy 3) Rules of estate (land) Ex. Nationalize fortresses in France
Versallis and Court Culture
After the Fronde, Louis wanted to keep the power of the Nobles under his control Needed to make himself the center of attention and power so that France could be Absolutist Louis XIV, "The Sun King," was extolled as the center and source of all power. The monarchy of Louis XIV was a spectacle with the art and architecture of Versailles serving as the setting. The transformation of the seat of power from a feudal castle to an open palace symbolized the transformation of governance from the feudal system to that of a single national ruler.
Edict of Nantes
Although Calvinist allies and Anglican Queen Elizabeth were horrified by Henry IV's decision, he did not forget them. In 1598, he issued the "Edict of Nantes", granting the Huguenots religious freedom of worship and assembly as well as the right to maintain fortified towns for their protection Uneasy Catholic-Protestant truce: -House of Bourbon gains the French throne -Roman Catholic supremacy in France preserved but monarchy weakened -Edict of Nantes grants substantial rights to Protestants in restricted areas -Catholic-Protestant hostility continues -Foreign powers fail to weaken France and gain territories
Phase I: German Civil Wars
Began in Bohemia (Czech) where in 1617 Ferdinand of Styria (Catholic) was crowned King of Bohemia. The majority of Bohemians were Protestant, angered with their new King's intolerance towards their religious beliefs. in may of 1618, a large group of Bohemian Protestant nobles surrounded two of Ferdinand's Catholic advisors and threw them out of a window (Defenestration of Prague, survived). Matthias (HRE) passes away, cousin Ferdinand was elected HRE. Rebels disposed him, elected Frederick (Calvinist Elector of the Palatinate) as their king. Did not have an army, turned to Duke of Bavaria, who agreed to lend his support in exchange for the electoral right enjoyed by Palatinate. The Battle of White Mountain, Bavarian forces won a major victory in 1622---> 30 yrs was still does not end. Why? 1) still private armies throughout the Empire that wanted to keep earning a living. Threat to Protestants in Germany drew outsiders (King of Denmark) into the fight. 2) Catholic and Protestant rulers were concerned that the traditional constitution of the HRE had been dramatically altered when the Palatinate's electoral vote was given to Bavaria. Attack on "German liberties", by which they meant the independence and political rights enjoyed by the territories w/in the HRE 3) Ferdinand confiscates defeated Protestant princes' land in the north and created a genuine opportunity to forge a unified state under Habsburg control. Now has to find a new army (no longer rely on Duke of Bavaria, who began to fear Habsburg dominion).
Military Movements and Decisions
Colonial settle occupied only a small proportion of Louis XIV's attention, but his foreign policy goal was to extend French power in Europe.
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Ends the 30 Years War. 1) HRE maintained its numerous political divisions, treaty ensured that the Emperor would remain an ineffectual force within German politics. 2) Also reaffirmed the Augsburg formula of each prince deciding the religion of his own territory, except now fully recognized Calvinism. 3) Draws the lines were religion is, Unlike the Peace of Augsburg that let princes choose Lutherans→ North Calvinists → Land around the Rhine River Catholics → South
Religious Diversity
England is in a state of disarray, many different religious sects bc of the religious freedom imposed by Henry VIII -Puritans: simple, hate the extravagance of the Anglican Church because they see this as tied to Roman Catholicism -They do not have much power in the church, instead have power within the poor -Quakers: Pacifist, will not wage war or do any violence -Shakers: purely individual faith by the holy spirit having possession of the body -Rollers: rolled because so they were so overcome with the spirit -John Robins: shows state of society, claims he is ACTUALLY God himself -Presbyterians: large following of Scots, mostly Calvinist beliefs with Anglican influence -Scottish Presbyterians revolt against the English throne bc the Anglican Book of Common Prayer goes against their beliefs -Don't believe in prayer for the dead -Charles raises money by lying to parliament to defeat them
Phase III: European War
France + Sweden VS. Austrian Habsburgs + Spain. Most destructive phase. German towns decimated, agriculture collapsed, famine ensued. End of war in 1648, lost 8 million.
The Fronde
Fronde: a series of revolts in France between 1648 and 1653 Causes: The people of France were unhappy with the tax burdens they had dealt with under Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin. The fronde began when Anne of Austria (Louis XIV's mother) and Cardinal Mazarin (Anne's advisor) introduced a new proposal to raise money for the financial backing of the Thirty Years' War. Mazarin sold new offices, raised taxes, and forced creditors to extend loans to the government In 1648, coalition of opponents in Parliament and the high courts rejected the plan and drafted another plan limiting the royal authority. In retaliation, Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin ordered the arrest of the leaders of parliament who had opposed them. The populous protest in Paris Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin were forced to release the government officials they had arrested. Fearing their safety, Anne of Austria, Louis XIV, and members of his court flee Paris A compromise was finally reached between parliament and the royal family Aftermath of the Fronde Revolts: Louis XIV decides to utilize royal absolutism and finally grapple how to deal with an aristocracy that resented the ever-increasing powers of the French monarchy Policies designed to prevent the recurrence of any such revolts
Cromwell's dictatorship
He became an Independent Puritan after undergoing a religious conversion in the 1630s, taking a generally tolerant view towards the many Protestant sects of his period. He was an intensely religious man, a self-styled Puritan Moses, and he fervently believed that God was guiding his victories. He was elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 1628 and for Cambridge in the Short (1640) and Long (1640-1649) parliaments. He entered the English Civil War on the side of the "Roundheads" or Parliamentarians. Nicknamed "Old Ironsides", he demonstrated his ability as a commander and was quickly promoted from leading a single cavalry troop to being one of the principal commanders of the New Model Army, playing an important role in the defeat of the royalist forces. Cromwell was one of the signatories of King Charles I's death warrant in 1649, and he dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England as a member of the Rump Parliament (1649-1653). He was selected to take command of the English campaign in Ireland in 1649-1650. Cromwell's forces defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country, bringing to an end the Irish Confederate Wars. During this period, a series of Penal Laws were passed against Roman Catholics (a significant minority in England and Scotland but the vast majority in Ireland), and a substantial amount of their land was confiscated. Cromwell also led a campaign against the Scottish army between 1650 and 1651. On 20 April 1653, he dismissed the Rump Parliament by force, setting up a short-lived nominated assembly known as Barebone's Parliament, before being invited by his fellow leaders to rule as Lord Protector of England (which included Wales at the time), Scotland and Ireland from 16 December 1653. As a ruler, he executed an aggressive and effective foreign policy. He died from natural causes in 1658 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The Royalists returned to power in 1660, and they had his corpse dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded. Cromwell is one of the most controversial figures in the history of the British Isles, considered a regicidal dictator
Religious Orthodoxy
Louis XIV believed in divine right, campaigned for religious conformity, "Jansenists"- catholics whose doctrine resembles some aspects of protestantism. stress need for God's grace in achieving salvation. Louis rejects doctrines that prioritize individual conscience over demands of official church hierarchy (Embraced by those who support the fronde). 1660: enforces various papal bulls (decrees) against Jamsenism Escalating pressure on the Calvinist Huguenots: eliminates Calvinist rights in 1665. revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Huguenots emigrate. Protestants shocked.
Witchcraft trials
Many of the accusations came from higher class people accusing lower class people Were using deductive reasoning to deduce there were witches Used inductive reasoning to decide witch trials aren't working
Natural Law and Skepticism
Natural Laws: laws of nature that give legitimacy to government and stand above the actions of any particular ruler or religious group; Grotius: natural law (not scripture, religious authority, or tradition) should govern politics
Deductive Reasoning
Rene Descartes published in 1637 "Discourse on Method" challenges to both authority of scholasticism (Dogma of early church fathers) and to the validity of the Galilean approach. asserting "received knowledge" that you do not learn for yourself (Amounted to nothing more than an "opinion"). But rather from observation, explained skepticism to the senses could easily be fooled ("I think therefore I am"). he sought the "Clear and distinct idea" that could not reasonably be doubted.
Glorious Revolution and results
The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange. William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascension to the throne as William III of England jointly with his wife, Mary II, James's daughter, after the Declaration of Right, leading to the Bill of Rights 1689. King James's policies of religious tolerance after 1685 met with increasing opposition from members of leading political circles, who were troubled by the king's Catholicism and his close ties with France. The crisis facing the king came to a head in 1688, with the birth of the king's son, James Francis Edward Stuart. This changed the existing line of succession by displacing the heir presumptive (his daughter Mary, a Protestant and the wife of William of Orange) with young James Francis Edward as heir apparent. The establishment of a Roman Catholic dynasty in the kingdoms now seemed likely. Some Tory members of parliament worked with members of the opposition Whigs in an attempt to resolve the crisis by secretly initiating dialogue with William of Orange to come to England, outside the jurisdiction of the English Parliament. Stadtholder William, the de facto head of state of the Dutch United Provinces, feared a Catholic Anglo-French alliance and had already been planning a military intervention in England. After consolidating political and financial support, William crossed the North Sea and English Channel with a large invasion fleet in November 1688, landing at Torbay. After only two minor clashes between the two opposing armies in England, and anti-Catholic riots in several towns, James's regime collapsed, largely because of a lack of resolve shown by the king. However, this was followed by the protracted Williamite War in Ireland and Dundee's rising in Scotland. In England's distant American colonies, the revolution led to the collapse of the Dominion of New England and the overthrow of the Province of Maryland's government. Following a defeat of his forces at the Battle of Reading on 9 December, James and his wife Mary fled England; James, however, returned to London for a two-week period that culminated in his final departure for France on 23 December. By threatening to withdraw his troops, William in February 1689 convinced a newly chosen Convention Parliament to make him and his wife joint monarchs.
Secularization
The trend towards making religious faith a private domain rather than one directly connected to state power and science; it prompted a search for nonreligious explanations for political authority and natural phenomena
Phase II: Swedish Invasion of the HRE
Turns to Bohemian noble Albrecht von Wallenstein who promised to create a vast mercenary army. by 1628, an army of 125,000 and wins series of major victories in the north. 1629 Edict of Restitution outlawed Calvinism in the empire and required Lutherans to turn over all property seized since 1522 (Habsburg victory). Led Gustavus Adolphus (King of Sweden) to enter war. Claims to be involved to defeat Protestant rights in Germany, also interested in German territories along the Baltic. Additionally, France financially supported Swedish Army, b/c (F) chief minister Cardinal Richelieu, concerned about increased Habsburg (Spain) strength in Germany. [far beyond a religious war]. Swedes rolled back the Habsburgs until 1632, when Adolphus died. Wallenstein murdered on orders of the emperor, b/c Ferdinand began to fear that his general was negotiating with his opponents.
Henry IV (Bourbon)
Wanted peace in his kingdom. faced struggle w Spain (nation that sought to keep France both politically weak and Catholic). B/c of these pressures, and b/c most people in Paris are Catholic, in 1593, switches permanently converts to Catholicism. "Paris is worth a mass" Results of Actions: instigated a new way of thinking in France: idea of "Politique" (Putting the interests of France before the goal of religious unity).
Bureaucracy
a network of state officials;s carrying out orders according to a regular and routine line of authority Use of "Intendants": Officials who held their positions directly from the king instead of holding office Supervised collection of taxes, financing of public works, and provisioning the army Reduced local power over finances Insisted on more efficient tax collections
Hugenots
are the ethnoreligious group of French Protestants/Calvinists who follow the Reformed tradition.
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)
directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Queen Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX, the massacre took place a few days after the wedding day (18 August) of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant Henry III of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France). Many of the most wealthy and prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic Paris to attend the wedding. The massacre began on the night of 23-24 August 1572, two days after the attempted assassination of Admiral Coligny (leader Montmorency family), the military and political leader of the Huguenots. The king ordered the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny, and the slaughter spread throughout Paris. Lasting several weeks, the massacre expanded outward to other urban centers and the countryside. Modern estimates for the number of dead across France vary widely, about 3000. The massacre also marked a turning point in the French Wars of Religion. The Huguenot political movement was crippled by the loss of many of its prominent aristocratic leaders, as well as many re-conversions by the rank and file. Those who remained were increasingly radicalized.
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
end of religious wars in the time of Charles V, who now agreed to adhere to the basic principle that princes decide the religion of the territory. Backlash: Did not grant recognition to the Calvinists, thus creating a problem when Frederick III (Palatinate, S.W. Germany) who converted to Calvinism in 1559. What further complicated the situation was that the as the ruler of Palatinate, Frederick was only one of the seven electors of the HRE. Within the next two decades, other German princes would challenge the religious status quo achieved by the Peace of Augsburg @ Bavaria, Protestantism stamped out as Jesuits were invited to take charge of BAvarian schools and universities. Although Charles V failed in his attempts to create a unified German state, the dream would continue. The Thirty Years War (political and religious issues) marked one final attempt within the HRE to make that dream a reality
Inductive Reasoning
is reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying strong evidence for the truth of the conclusion. While the conclusion of a deductive argument is certain, the truth of the conclusion of an inductive argument may be probable, based upon the evidence given.
War of Devolution (French Victory)
saw the French armies of Louis XIV overrun the Habsburg-controlled Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté (Free County of Burgundy) and then be forced to give most of it back by a Triple Alliance of England, Sweden and the Dutch Republic in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1668, France gained towns in Spanish Netherlands (Flanders)
Bill of Rights (1689)
that deals with constitutional matters and sets out certain basic civil rights. Passed on 16 December 1689, it is a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right, 1689 presented by the Convention Parliament to William III and Mary II in February 1689, inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and reestablished Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law. Furthermore, the Bill of Rights described and condemned several misdeeds of James II of England. These ideas reflected those of the political thinker John Locke and they quickly became popular in England. It also sets out—or, in the view of its drafters, restates—certain constitutional requirements of the Crown to seek the consent of the people, as represented in Parliament.
Constitutionalism
the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law
Scientific Method
the combination of experimental observation and mathematical deduction that was used to determine the laws of nature and become a secular standard truth (Newton)
Social Contract Theory
the doctrine that all political authority derives not from divine right but from an implicit contract between citizens and their rulers Hobbes: pessimistic w S of N Locke: "Tabula Rasa" and optimistic
Mercantilism
the doctrine that governments must intervene to increase national wealth by whatever means possible Coined by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, head of royal finances, public works, and the navy France established overseas trading companies, granted manufacturing monopolies, and standardized production methods for textiles, papers, and soaps (under Colbert) Inspired the formation of Guilds High tariffs cut imports of competing goods Rescinded many internal customs fees Standardized shipbuilding Regulated economic activities in the colonies
War of the League of Augsburg
was a conflict between Louis XIV of France and a European coalition of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, Spain, England and Savoy. Louis XIV of France had emerged from the Franco-Dutch War in 1678 as the most powerful monarch in Europe, an absolute ruler who had won numerous military victories. Using a combination of aggression, annexation, and quasi-legal means, Louis XIV set about extending his gains to stabilize and strengthen France's frontiers The main fighting took place around France's borders in the Spanish Netherlands, the Rhineland, the Duchy of Savoy and Catalonia. The fighting generally favoured Louis XIV's armies but by 1696 his country was in the grip of an economic crisis. The Maritime Powers (England and the Dutch Republic) were also financially exhausted and when Savoy defected from the Alliance, all parties were keen to negotiate a settlement. By the terms of the Treaty of Rijswijk (1697) Louis XIV returns all his conquests since 1678 except Strasburg
Dutch War
was a war fought by France, Sweden, Münster, Cologne and England against the Dutch Republic, which was later joined by the Austrian Habsburg lands, HRE, and Spain to form a Quadruple Alliance. The war ended with the Treaty of Nijmegen (1678-79), by which Spain ceded several towns in Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté to France.