CHAPTER 15

How did Jefferson Davis respond when he heard that Lincoln was sending unarmed supply boats to Fort Sumter in South Carolina?

He ordered the Confederate Army to take the fort before the boats arrived

Why did General McDowell want to attack the Manassas railroad junction in northern Virginia in what would become known as the First Battle of Bull Run?

He wanted to disrupt Confederate supply lines He wanted to pave the way for a march on the Confederate capital of Richmond

Why did Lincoln downplay the issue of slavery as the Union prepared for war?

He wanted to suppress a rebellion, not revolutionize labor practices or race relations He didn't want to alienate the slave states that had remained in the Union He needed bipartisan support for the war effort and many Democrats supported slavery

What were the two primary motivations for soldiers in the Confederate Army?

Protecting their homeland against invasion by Northern forces Preserving white supremacy

As Congress debated compromises to keep the union together, on which point was Lincoln insistent was non-negotiable?

Slavery should not be extended into the territories

Following news of Lincoln's victory in the 1860 election, _____ became the first state to secede from the union

South Carolina

The primary organizers and leaders of the Richmond bread riots were ______

White women

Which of the following was true of the First Battle of Bull Run?

A Washington D.C. spy ring provided intelligence crucial to the Confederacy It was a decisive victory for the Confederacy

The _____ on September 17, 1862 was the bloodiest day in U.S. history to that point

Battle of Antietam

Stoking racist fears among white Southerners, secession commissioners labeled Lincoln's party the ______

Black Republicans

What forms of discrimination did Black soldiers experience in the Union Army?

Black soldiers were paid less than white soldiers The War Department refused to commission Black officers

Why did Lincoln first order federal ships to Fort Sumter in South Carolina?

It was a federal garrison and the commanding officer had requested food supplies.

In April 1862, Congress abolished slavery in _____, marking the first time the federal government freed people from slavery through legislation

District of Columbia

Which of the following was true of the Battle of Antietam?

It took place in Maryland, a Union state It was a Union victory

Which of the following was true of the group known as the Bushwhackers?

They were active in Missouri They were pro-Confederate guerrillas

The Emancipation Proclamation granted freedom to ______

All enslaved people from the Confederate states

The resistance of _____ peoples helped the Union Army defeat Confederate forces in New Mexico in 1862

Apache and Navajo

What are two reasons why Northern soldiers became more likely to endorse the goal of ending slavery in the South?

Appearing critical of the Emancipation Proclamation risked being linked with the war's critics They recognized the service of Black men in the Union military and their contributions to the war effort

Why did Lincoln begin to reconsider his nonintervention policy regarding slavery by 1862?

He had lost hope that the seceded states could be enticed to return to the Union He became somewhat less worried about losing the support of slave states that had remained in the Union

In what ways did the South refuse to treat Blacks in the Union army according to the conventional rules of combat?

Confederate soldiers frequently shot at Black soldiers rather than taking them prisoner

In the Fort Pillow Massacre (1864), ______

Confederate troops killed Black soldiers after they had surrendered

By the end of July 1862, Lincoln had decided that the only way to defeat the Confederacy was to ______

Deprive it of its unpaid labor force Enlist Black support for the Union War cause

To drum up support for a Southern confederation, secession commissioners claimed that Lincoln and the Republican party intended to ______

Elevate Black Americans to positions of social and political equality Abolish slavery

Which of the following were the reasons for looting and rioting in Richmond and other Southern cities in the spring of 1863?

Food shortages Inflation

Both the United States and the Confederacy want to keep the Upper South on their side because the Upper South ______

Had two-thirds of the South's white male population who would serve as soldiers Accounted for most of the South's food supply Had the vast majority of the South's industrial capacity

What was General Benjamin Butler's policy towards enslaved people who escaped to Union camps in Virginia?

He classified them as contraband property and subject to confiscation by the United States He provided them with shelter and employment

How did Union military occupation affect life in Southern cities and towns?

It depleted food and fuel supplies It disrupted trade

What did the Second Confiscation Act do?

It permitted the Union Army to seize the enslaved people of any slaveholders who supported the Confederacy

Which of the following was true of the Battle of Shiloh?

It was a Union victory It took place in the western theater of the war

What are some reasons why the slave states of the Upper South were less enthusiastic about secession than those in the Lower South?

Slaveholders made up smaller percentages of the white population Slaveholders there valued the federal government's protection of their human property under the Fugitive Slave Act

Which of the following were common occurrences in Southern cities under military occupation?

Southerners experienced food shortages Slaveholders sent the people they had enslaved to the region's interior to avoid financial loss Southerners fled their homes to escape occupation

What developments prompted the federal government to contemplate further restrictions on slavery in 1862?

The Union army grew more dependent on Black labor and assistance As U.S. forces moved into the Confederacy, more formerly enslaved people joined the Union camps Northern politicians lost faith that they could convince the seceded states to rejoin the Union

What were the three planks of the Crittenden Compromise?

The federal government would not interfere with slavery in the states where it was legal in 1861. Congress could not outlaw slavery in Washington D.C. unless requested by voters there and if neighboring Virginia and Maryland had already abolished slavery The federal government would permanently extend the geographical line of the Missouri Compromise

How did the Second Confiscation Act of 1862 differ from the Confiscation Act of 1861?

The first act applied only to enslaved people being used in the Confederate war effort, but the second applied to people enslaved to Confederate loyalists

Why did the Union army decide to allow Black soldiers to serve beginning in 1863?

The need for soldiers exceeded the supply of white volunteers

While the official Union policy at the beginning of the war was not to harbor runaways from slavery, why did many Union military personnel violated this policy?

They agreed with the view of Republicans against the use of Northern soldiers as slave catchers They had personal antislavery convictions Some runaways from slavery offered valuable services or military intelligence

Why were many Southern whites disappointed by Abraham Lincoln's victory in the 1860 presidential election?

They feared that Lincoln and the Republican party would try to end slavery, though he had not made any pledges to do so

How did Northern abolitionists respond to Lincoln's early Civil War policy of not undermining slavery in the South?

They kept silent, hoping that a Union victory would help them ultimately accomplish their goal

Why did regiments of Cherokee and other Native Americans soldiers who had been exiled in the 1830s by Southern slaveholders align themselves with the Confederacy in spring 1862?

They thought that doing so offered their best hope for independence from the United States

What did the Confederacy see as their advantages at the start of the war?

They would be fighting on Southern terrain They anticipated help from Britain

Why did both Union and Confederate armies want to ensure that dead bodies were not left to decompose on battlefields?

To not imperil hygiene To not hurt troop morale To show respect for the dead

Union forces achieved victory at the Battle of Shiloh under the command of General ______

Ulysses S. Grant

In Civil War military hospitals, why were the benefits of amputation often nullified?

Unsanitary surgical practices spread infections

Henry Wirz, the only person executed for war crimes in the Civil War, ______

Was the commander of Georgia's infamous Andersonville prison