Chapter 15

________ are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system. Veins Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules

Arteries

The values obtained when measuring blood pressure, such as 120/80, A. exactly match the pressures inside the ventricle during systole and diastole. B. estimates the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole. C. are the same on both the pulmonary and systemic circuits. D. exactly match the pressures inside the ventricle during systole and diastole and reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole. E. All of the answers are correct.

B. estimates the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole.

The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because A. it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole. B. it represents the driving pressure for blood flow. C. it forces the practitioner to do math, thus they must pay attention to the values obtained. D. it represents the driving pressure for blood flow and it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole. E. All of the answers are correct.

B. it represents the driving pressure for blood flow.

Which type of vessel changes most to regulate resistance to blood flow? Why? A. Arteries, because of the large amount of muscle in their walls B. Veins, because they are the lowest-pressure vessels and can thus develop greater pressure increases with regulation C. Arterioles, because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls D. Arterioles, because they are the only type of vessel with an adjustable diameter

C. Arterioles, because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls

Myogenic autoregulation means that A. increased blood pressure in a vessel triggers relaxation in that vessel and blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body. B. stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively and blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body. C. stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively. D. blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body. E. increased blood pressure in a vessel triggers relaxation in that vessel.

C. stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively.

Compensation for decreased blood volume includes increases in A. sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels and water conservation by the kidneys. B. sympathetic stimulation of the heart. C. sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels. D. sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels, sympathetic stimulation of the heart, and water conservation by the kidneys. E. water conservation by the kidneys.

D. sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels, sympathetic stimulation of the heart, and water conservation by the kidneys.

A patient is vomiting and has diarrhea. Which would you expect? Decreased blood volume and increased blood pressure Decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure Increased blood volume and increased blood pressure Increased blood volume and decreased blood pressure

Decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure

________ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas ________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow selective materials to pass. Continuous, fenestrated Transcytotic, continuous Transcytotic, fenestrated Fenestrated, continuous Fenestrated, transcytotic

Fenestrated, continuous

Which is the correct relationship among pressure, flow, and resistance? Flow is inversely proportional to change in pressure and directly proportional to resistance. Flow is directly proportional to change in pressure and inversely proportional to resistance. Flow is directly proportional to change in both pressure and resistance. Flow is inversely proportional to change in both pressure and resistance.

Flow is directly proportional to change in pressure and inversely proportional to resistance.

If increased blood pressure stimulated the baroreceptor reflex, which changes would occur? Decreased vessel diameter, decreased resistance, and decreased cardiac output Increased vessel diameter, increased resistance, and increased cardiac output Increased vessel diameter, decreased resistance, and decreased cardiac output Decreased vessel diameter, increased resistance, and decreased cardiac output

Increased vessel diameter, decreased resistance, and decreased cardiac output

Which blood vessels allow blood to move directly from the arterial to the venous circulation? Precapillary sphincters Metarterioles Collateral arteries Venules

Metarterioles

Which tissue in the walls of blood vessels allows for regulation of vessel diameter? Neural tissue Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Epithelial tissue

Smooth muscle

Why is the velocity of blood lowest in the capillaries as compared with all other types of vessels? The capillaries have the largest cross-sectional area. The capillaries have the lowest blood volume. The capillaries have a larger diameter than the arterioles that feed them. The capillaries have a relatively large amount of smooth muscle for their diameter.

The capillaries have the largest cross-sectional area.

What effect would an increase in blood volume have on the resistance to blood flow? Resistance would decrease, since the greater volume would cause the veins to stretch more. Resistance would increase, because more blood would be harder to push through the vessels. Resistance would increase, because the increased volume would stretch the arteries to a greater degree. There would be no effect; blood volume and resistance to blood flow are not directly linked.

There would be no effect; blood volume and resistance to blood flow are not directly linked.

A patient has a hemorrhage and loses a large volume of the blood. Which compensatory mechanisms would you expect? Vasodilation and increased release of epinephrine Vasodilation and increased kidney fluid output in urine Increased kidney fluid output in urine and increased parasympathetic activity Vasoconstriction and decreased kidney fluid output in the urine

Vasoconstriction and decreased kidney fluid output in the urine

Which would NOT cause an increase in blood pressure? an increase in arterial resistance a decrease in cardiac output an increase in sympathetic activity a decrease in arterial diameter

a decrease in cardiac output

Smooth muscle is present in the walls of veins only. arteries only. muscular arteries only. all vessel types except capillaries and venules. all vessel types.

all vessel types except capillaries and venules.

A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following? an increase in heart contractility vasodilation of arterioles a decrease in cardiac output a decrease in heart rate

an increase in heart contractility

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following? a decrease in cardiac outputa decrease in blood pressure vasodilation of arteries an increase in heart rate and contractility

an increase in heart rate and contractility

The cardiovascular control center in the brain can directly cause the contractility of the heart to increase or decrease. arterioles to dilate or constrict. the heart rate to increase or decrease. arterioles to dilate or constrict and the heart rate to increase or decrease. All of the answers are correct.

arterioles to dilate or constrict and the heart rate to increase or decrease.

The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the muscular arteries. arterioles. veins. venules. elastic arteries.

arterioles.

Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as ________ are located in some artery walls. nociceptors elasticeptors baroreceptors chemoreceptors

baroreceptors

Perfusion is blood flow through an organ. the driving force behind blood flow. delivery of oxygen to cells. the connection between capillaries and other vessels. movement of blood through a shunt.

blood flow through an organ.

Which of the following is occurring during systole? more stress is placed on arterial walls blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls pulse pressure decreases blood pressure increases blood pressure increases and pulse pressure decreases

blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls

Which is greater? blood pressure when parasympathetic stimulation to the heart increases blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases

blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases

Which is greater? blood pressure when the peripheral vessels constrict blood pressure when the peripheral vessels dilate

blood pressure when the peripheral vessels constrict

Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in __________. blood volume blood vessel diameter cardiac output blood viscosity

blood vessel diameter

Blood velocity is lowest in the __________. veins capillaries arterioles arteries

capillaries

Sinusoids are modified vessels that replace ________ in some tissues. arteries veins capillaries

capillaries

Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles? increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

Which condition would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance? doubling the number of white cells in the blood doubling the length of a vessel doubling the turbulence of the blood doubling the diameter of a vessel doubling the viscosity of the blood

doubling the diameter of a vessel

The lymphatic system can be removed without health consequences. stores blood when circulatory demand is low. empties the lymph vessels into the veins near the collarbones. has heart-like pumps called lymph nodes. All of the answers are correct.

empties the lymph vessels into the veins near the collarbones.

The inner lining of blood vessels is called endostatin. endothelium. endocardium. endoangium. basal lamina.

endothelium.

Due to the differences in opposing forces, there is net ________ occurring at the arteriolar end of most capillaries, coupled with net ________ at the venous end. absorption, filtration filtration, absorption

filtration, absorption

If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)? increased PNS and SNS activity increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity decreased PNS activity and increased SNS activity

increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity

Reactive hyperemia is increased blood pressure after stress. increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow. reflex contraction of smooth muscle in response to stress. lack of blood flow due to an allergic reaction. None of the answers are correct.

increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow.

If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does NOT change, what happens to arterial blood pressure? decreases increases is unchanged

increases

Increased blood volume ________ blood pressure. increases decreases has no effect on

increases

Which organ is NOT part of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure? skin kidney liver lung spleen

kidney

The matching of blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of a tissue is due to hormonal control. local control. neural control.

local control

Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major functions of the ________ system. immune urinary lymphatic thirst-quenching digestive

lymphatic

Regarding the cardiovascular system, the main role(s) of the kidneys is/are to restore lost fluid to the blood and therefore raise blood pressure. reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure. restore lost fluid to the blood and therefore raise blood pressure, and minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure. minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure, and reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure. minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure.

minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure, and reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure.

Compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is at least 10 times faster. much slower. at least twice as fast. about the same. impossible to predict without more information.

much slower

Osmotic pressure resulting from presence of plasma proteins in blood is called ________ pressure. oncotic hydrostatic colloid osmotic oncotic and colloid osmotic colloid osmotic and hydrostatic

oncotic and colloid osmotic

The highly branched contractile cells that regulate capillary permeability are called pericytes. epitheliocytes. endothelial cells. vascular smooth muscle. podocytes.

pericytes.

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the blood pressure. systemic pressure. pulse pressure. circulatory pressure. mean arterial pressure.

pulse pressure.

When the baroreceptor reflex is stimulated by a decrease in blood pressure, cardiac output increases. sympathetic activity increases, cardiac output increases, and peripheral resistance decreases. peripheral resistance decreases. sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases. sympathetic activity increases.

sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases.

Blood pressure is determined by measuring the pressure in the left ventricle. the degree of turbulence in a closed vessel. the size of the pulse pressure. the force exerted by blood in a vessel. All of the answers are correct.

the force exerted by blood in a vessel.

Angiogenesis is an examination of the arteries and veins. being able to detect a pulse in arteries. having blood drawn into a tube for tests. the growth of new blood vessels. surgical restructuring of the coronary arteries.

the growth of new blood vessels.

Fenestrated capillaries are found in the kidney. skeletal muscles. skin. the spleen. cardiac muscle.

the kidney.

Malnutrition can cause edema because there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis and interstitial protein levels are lower than plasma protein levels. there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis. the resulting anemia increases blood pressure. interstitial protein levels are lower than plasma protein levels. All of the answers are correct.

there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis.

Which would decrease peripheral resistance? factors that cause increased hematocrit increased levels of epinephrine increased sympathetic stimulation plaques in the vessel walls vasodilation

vasodilation