Chapter 15

Sharecropping

!A. allowed a black family to rent part of a plantation, with the crop divided between worker and owner at the end of the year. b. meant that black families shared their crops with each other, especially in times of hardship or drought. c. was a method of harvesting crops such that the soil was left intact for next year's planting. d. was a government-led economic initiative that sought to have people share the wealth in rural towns and in the countryside.

The Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871

!A. defined crimes that deprived citizens of their civil and political rights as federal offenses, and under these laws President Grant sent federal marshals to arrest hundreds of accused Klansmen. b. asserted South Carolina's right to nullify any federal law it deemed improper or unjust, and to enforce that decision. c. sought to sue for peace with Britain and Spain in the wake of the resurgence of international tensions surrounding imperialist filibustering. d. sought to enforce the Black Codes in places where they were not being properly adjudicated.

As meant in the section on the free labor system, define "free labor."

!A. non-slave labor in a market economy b. voluntary labor done without pay c. labor you donate to a cause because you believe in it and so work for free d. labor that was without cost to the business owner

In President Andrew Johnson's view, African-Americans ought to play what part in Reconstruction?

!A. none b. take up leadership positions in the Deep South c. take up leadership positions in the boarder states d. take up leadership positions in the federal government, but not in individual state governments

"The destruction of slavery led feminists to search for ways to make the promise of free labor real for women." Define "feminists" in this context.

!A. persons who held a view advocating social, political, and other rights for women equal to those of men b. women who sought to destroy the nation's integrity by insisting that girls and young women receive separate educations c. women who wanted to volunteer their labor and time for causes they thought real d. men and women who wanted the promise of free labor extended to the destruction of slavery

The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

!A. prohibited federal and state governments from denying any citizen the vote because of race. b. guaranteed freed slaves citizenship. c. ended slavery and indentured servitude. d. made the income tax constitutional.

Which of the following was not a central thrust of the Reconstruction amendments to the Constitution?

!A. redistribution of the former slave owners' land among the freed slaves b. equal citizenship for blacks and whites c. the right to vote, regardless of race d. empowerment of the federal government to protect citizens' rights

Radical Republicans in the Reconstruction Era shared the view that

!A. the Union victory created a golden opportunity to institutionalize the principal of equal rights for all, regardless of race. b. the government should minimize its involvement in the economy and allow laissez faire to flourish. c. sought the repatriation of expatriate fugitives. d. allied themselves with the president in an effort to bring about "freedom and justice for all."

In the aftermath of the Civil War, the black church was a powerful influence in the South; what two denominations commanded the largest African-American following?

a. Catholic and Protestant b. Episcopalian and Presbyterian !C. Baptist and Methodist d. Lutheran and Church of Christ

Who among the following was not a leader of the Radical Republicans?

a. Charles Sumner b. Thaddeus Stevens !C. Andrew Johnson d. Benjamin Wade

In which of the following nations was the institution of slavery replaced by indentured servitude?

a. Haiti !B. British Guiana c. West Indies d. England

Which of the following was not a major effect of Reconstruction (at its height) upon southern society?

a. It saw the federal government take a direct role in the relations between black and white southerners. b. It saw the spread of schools and churches across the South, built by and for African-Americans. !C. It inspired a mass exodus of southern blacks to lands that had never known slavery. d. It helped restrain southern whites from exploiting the labor of former slaves.

The phrase, "forty acres and a mule," derived from

a. Lincoln's "10% Plan." b. the Wade-Davis Bill. !C. Sherman's Field Order 15. d. the Emancipation Proclamation.

The House of Representatives approved articles of impeachment against President Andrew Johnson for violation of what law?

a. The Reconstruction Act b. The Fourteenth Amendment c. The Civil Rights Act !D. The Tenure of Office Act

Which was not true of Liberal Republicans in the post-Civil War era?

a. They nominated Horace Greeley for president. b. They formed their own political party. !C. They believed the growth of federal power needed to be expanded. d. They were less committed to equal rights for blacks than the Radical Republicans had been.

Upon Lincoln's assassination, ____________ became president.

a. Ulysses S. Grant b. John Addams c. Andrew Jackson !D. Andrew Johnson

The Reconstruction Act of March 1867

a. allowed the Redeemers to reconstruct the South after their own lights. !B. divided the South into five military districts and called for creation of new state governments, with black men given the right to vote. c. voided the Supreme Court's decision in ex parte Milligan. d. barred the president from removing certain officeholders, including cabinet members, without consent of the Senate.

Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?

a. assassination of Lincoln; passage by Congress of Fourteenth Amendment; passage of southern Black Codes; Johnson veto of Civil Rights Bill !B. ratification of Thirteenth Amendment; Tenure of Office Act; impeachment of Johnson; election of Grant c. Slaughterhouse Cases; 1875 Civil Rights Act; passage by Congress of Fourteenth Amendment; Reconstruction Act d. Ku Klux Klan Act; election of Grant; ratification of Fifteenth Amendment; Bargain of 1877

The Black Codes were

a. codes of honor by which newly freed black Americans lived. !B. laws that sought to regulate the lives of former slaves. c. secret codes used by freed blacks in regions where the Ku Klux Klan was strongest. d. a secret code combining elements of Creole and Pidgin English.

Which was not a principal task of the Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1870)?

a. establish schools b. secure former slaves equal treatment before the courts !C. support black churches and businesses d. provide aid to the poor and aged

Following the Civil War, white and black farmers in the South

a. experienced extremely high prices for cotton. b. experienced rapidly rising prices. !C. saw the price of cotton fall steadily. d. saw a leveling off of the price of cotton to pre-war levels.

In the five years following the end of the Civil War, former slaves were guaranteed the following in three Amendments to the United States Constitution:

a. forty acres and a mule; education; and equality. b. the right to marry anyone of their choosing; freedom of assembly; land. !C. freedom from slavery; recognition as citizens; the vote for adult black men. d. forty acres; education; and equal justice under law.

In the summer of 1865, President Andrew Johnson ordered nearly all land in federal hands

a. given to freed blacks. b. given to poor blacks and whites. c. given to the railroads. !D. returned to its former owners.

One of the main purposes of the Freedmen's Bureau was to

a. induce former slaves to work for free, at least until they had proved their usefulness to potential employers. !B. ensure a fair and viable system of labor relations between former slaves and former slaveholders. c. encourage whites to work for blacks, as a way to deepen interracial understanding. d. encourage freedpeople to move out West, where they could make a new start.

In consequence of the "Bargain of 1877" President Rutherford B. Hayes

a. ordered all federal purchase orders for military uniforms to be purchased at bargain or discount prices. !B. ordered federal troops withdrawn from the South. c. ordered federal troops to return to their barracks. d. ordered that future bargains, such as those promoted by the corrupt politicians involved in the Whiskey Ring, be made illegal.

During Reconstruction, the black church functioned as a vital setting for

a. political mobilization. b. worship. c. schooling. !D. all of the above

Which of the following was not a widespread activity among newly emancipated blacks?

a. seeking to obtain land of their own b. learning how to read and write c. moving about just to get the feel of freedom !D. moving to the North in search of greater freedom and opportunity

What was being reconstructed (constructed again) in Reconstruction?

a. the West b. slavery !C. the nation d. the Civil War

Which were central elements in the lives of post-emancipation blacks in the twenty years following the end of the Civil War?

a. the family, the corporations, the university !B. the family, the church, the school c. the boss, the cabin, the library d. the boss, the library, the farm

Which of the following was not a major cause of the decline of Reconstruction?

a. the use of fraud and terror to prevent blacks from voting or running for office !B. a deepening of mutual respect between black and white southerners, making Reconstruction seem no longer necessary c. a growing perception among northerners that southern blacks were unfit for equal citizenship d. a growing weariness in the North with the sectional issue and the burdens of enforcing Reconstruction

Black Americans who refused to sign labor contracts to work for whites during Reconstruction

a. were often put on trains and sent out West. b. were often put on trains and sent to northern cities. !C. were often convicted of vagrancy and fined; sometimes they were then auctioned off to work for the person who paid the fine. d. were convicted and sentenced to execution.