Chapter 15 biology

fitness

MEASURE OF A TRAIT'S RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION TO THE FOLLOWING GENERATION a) a measure of the relative contribution that an individual trait makes to the new generation 1. It is often measured as a number of reproductively viable offspring that an organism produces in the new generation

ancestral trait

MORE-PRIMITIVE CHARACTERISTICS THAT APPEARED IN COMMON ANCESTORS a) more primitive features, such as teeth and tails that do appear i ancestral forms

minicry

MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION IN WHICH ONE SPECIES EVOLVES TO RESEMBLE ANOTHER SPECIES FOR PROTECTION OR OTHER ADVANTAGES a) a type of morphological adaptation where a species evolves to resemble another species a) one species evolves to resemble another species 1. Mimicry often increases an organism's fitness 2. Can occur in a harmless species that has evolved to resemble a harmful species 3. Sometimes mimicry benefits two harmful species a) in both cases, the mimics are protected because predators can't always tell the mimic from the animal that it is mimicking, so the learn to avoid them both

camouflage

MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS THAT ALLOW ORGANISMS TO BLEND INTO THEIR SURROUNDINGS a) a suit of morphological adaptations that allow an organism to blend into its environment 1. Some species have evolved morphological adaptations that allow them to blend in with their environments 2. Allows organisms to become almost invisible to predators a) as a result, more of the camouflaged individuals survived and reproduce

How did Darwin come to realize that almost every specimen that he had collected from the islands was new to English scientists

1. A few years after Darwin returned to England, he began reconsidering his observations 2. He took note of the work of John Gould, an ornithologist who was classifying the birds Darwin brought back from the Galapagos. a) Gould discovered that the Galapagos finches were separate species and determined that the finches of the Galapagos did not live anywhere else in South America b) In fact, ALMOST EVERY SPECIMEN DARWIN COLLECTED ON THE GALAPAGOS WAS NEW TO EUROPEANS SCIENTISTS, THOUGH THEY WERE SIMILAR TO SPECIES ON MAINLAND, SOUTH AMERICA c) These new species most closely resembled species from mainland South America, although the Galapagos and the mainland had different environments d) Island and mainland species should not have resembled one another so closely unless, as Darwin began to suspect, populations from the mainland changed after reaching the Galapagos

The origin of species

1. Darwin had likely formulated his theory of evolution by natural selection by about 1840 2. Soon after, he began writing a multi volume book compiled of evidence for evolution and explaining how natural selection might provide a mechanism for the origin of species a) He continued to compile evidence in support of his theory for many years 3. Darwin published "ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION" in 1859 a) After being contacted in 1858 by Alfred Russel Wallace who proposed a theory almost identical to Darwin's

How does Darwin come up with the idea of artificial selection

1. Darwin hypothesized that new species could appear gradually through small changes in ancestral species (DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION), but he could not see how such a process would work a) he thinks that some organisms have changed overtime, and some have gone extinct, but this is a big no culturally and religiously speaking 2. He looked to his farmer friend who bred animals with desired traits to get offspring with those traits a) he then practiced this with his own pigeons b) Different breeds of pigeons have certain distinctive traits that also are present in these breeds' offspring c) a breeder can promote these traits by selecting and breeding pigeons that have the most exaggerated expressions of those traits 3. DARWIN INFERRED THAT IF HUMANS COULD CHANGE SPECIES BY ARTIFICIAL SELECTION THAN PERHAPS THE SAME PROCESS COULD WORK IN NATURE a) further, Darwin thought that give enough time, perhaps his process could produce new species

What was Darwin's job on the HMS Beagle

1. Darwin's job on the Beagle was to be a naturalist and to collect biological and geological specimens during the travels a) Darwin had a degree in theology from Christ' College, Cambridge, although he previously had studied medicine and the sciences 2. The primary mission of the Beagel was to survey the coast of South America a) In 1831, the Beagle set sail from England for Madeira and then proceeded to South America 3. Over the course of the ship's five-year voyage, Darwin made extensive collections of rocks, fossil,s plants, and animals 4. He also read a copy of CHARLES LYELL'S PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY, a book proposing that the Earth was millions of years old a) He remembered Lyell's work as he observed marine fossils at high elevations in the Andes, and found giant fossil versions of smaller living animals, and saw how earthquakes could lift rocks great distances very quickly

What are the two major classes of traits when studying transitional fossils

1. Derived traits 2. Ancestral traits

What are the patterns of evolution

1. Divergent Evolution a) adaptive radiation 2. Coevolution a) mutalism b) parasitism 3. Convergent evolution

What is the summary of Darwin's theory of evolution

1. Evolution is the development of new types of organisms from preexisting organisms over time a) Principal of common descent 2. Darwin's theory said evolution occurs by the process of natural selection 3.ADAPTATION LIES AT THE HEART OF DARWIN'S THEORY: a) individuals have variations that make them better able to survive and reproduce (fitness) b) over time, as the surviving members of the population all have this variation, it became an ADAPTATION c) an accumulation of adaptations in a population can lead to the formation of a new species d) new adaptations that make them unable to breed with their old species is when they are considered a new species e) THIS HAPPENS IN A POPULATION

How did the fossil record provide evidence for evolution

1. Fossils provide a record of species that lived long ago and they supply some of the most significant evidence of evolutionary change 2. Fossils show how modern species resemble ancient species 3. They also reveal that some species have changed very little overtime 4. The fossil record is an important source of information for determining the ancestry of organisms and patterns of evolution 5. ALTHOUGH DARWIN RECOGNIZED THE LIMITATIONS OF THE FOSSIL RECORD, HE PREDICTED THE EXISTENCE OF FOSSILS INTERMEDIATE IN FORM BETWEEN SPECIES a) Today, scientists studying evolutionary relationships have found hundreds of thousands of TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS THAT CONTAIN FEATURES SHARED BY DIFFERENT SPECIES b) Archaepteryx fossils, which was one of the first birds, provided evidence of characteristics that classify it as a bird, and also show that the bird retained several distinct dinosaur features c) a transitional from a reptile to a bird and has some of each characteristics

What type of structures are used in comparative anatomy

1. Homologous structure 2. Vestigial structure 3. Analogous structures

What are the consequences of adaptations

1. Not all features of a organism are necessarily adaptive 2. Some features might be consequences of other evolved characteristics 3. Biologists Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin made this point in 1979 in a paper claiming that biologists tended to overemphasize the importance of adaptations in evolution SPANDREL EXAMPLE: 1. To illustrate this concept, they used an example from architecture 2. Building a set of four arches in a square to support a dome means that spaces called spadrels will appear between the arches a) because spandrels are often decorative, one might think that spandrels exist for decoration b) in reality, they are an unavoidable consequence of arch construction 3. Gould and Lewontin argued that some features in organisms are like spandrels because even though they are prominent, they do not increase reproductive success a) instead, they likely arose as an unavoidable consequence of prior evolutionary change HUMAN EXAMPLE: 1. a biological example of a spandrel is the helplessness of human babies a) humans give birth at a much earlier developmental stage than other primates do b) this causes them to need increased care early in their lives c) many scientists think that the helplessness of human babies is a consequence of the evolution of big brains and upright posture d) to walk upright, humans need narrow pelvises, which means that babies' heads must be small enough to fit through the pelvic opening at birth e) in contrast, scientists previously thought that the helplessness of human infants provided an adaptive advantage, such as increased attention from parents and more learning

Theory

1. Provides an explanation for a natural phenomenon based on observations 2. Theories explain available data and suggest further areas for experimentation

How did Darwin develop the idea of natural selection

1. While thinking about artificial selection, Darwin read an essay by economist THOMAS MALTHUS a) The essay suggested that the human population, if left unchecked, would outgrow its food supply leading to a competitive struggle for existence 2. Darwin realized that Malthus's ideas could be applied to the natural world a) He reasoned that some competitors in the struggle for existence would be better equipped for survival than others b) those less equipped would die c) THIS IS THE PROCESS OF NATURAL SELECTION AND FINALLY HE HAD A FRAMEWORK FOR A NEW THEORY ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES

How does comparative biochemistry provide information on evolution

1. Scientific data also show that common ancestry can be seen in the complex metabolic molecules that many different organisms share 2. Evolutionary theory predicts that molecules in species with a recent common ancestor should share certain ancient amino acid sequence a) the more closely related the species are, the greater the number of sequences that will be shared 3. This predicted pattern is what scientists find to be true in cytochrome c a) Cytochrome c is an enzyme that is essential for representation and is highly conserved in animals b) this means that despite slight variations in its amino acid sequence, the molecules has changed very little over time c) the cytochrome c in the pig and in the monkey share more amino acid sequences with humans than the cytochrome c in the duck shares with humans 4. SCIENTISTS HAVE FOUND SIMILAR BIOCHEMICAL PATTERNS IN OTHER PROTEINS, AS WELL AS IN DNA AND RNA a) DNA and RNA form the molecular basis of heredity in all living organisms b) The fact that many organisms have the same complex molecules suggests that these molecules evolved early in the history of life and were passed on through the life-forms that have lived on Earth 5. Comparisons of the similarities in these molecules across species reflect evolutionary patterns seen in comparative anatomy and in the fossil record a) organisms with closely related morphological features have more closely related molecular features

What did most people, including Darwin, when he first set out on the HMS Beagle in 1831

1. The average person thought that the worlds was about 6,000 years old and thought that animals and plants were unchanging

How does geographic distribution predict evolution

1. The distribution of pants and animals were what first suggested evolution to Darwin a) They were more like the ones close by than the ones who lived in similar environments 2. he observed that animals on the South American mainland were more similar to other South American animals than they were to animals living in similar environments in Europe a) the South American mara, for example, inhabited a niche that was occupied by the English rabbit b) Darwin realized that the mara was more similar to other South American species than it was to the English rabbit because it shred a closer ancestor with the South American animals 3. EVOLUTION IS LINKED TO MIGRATION PATTERNS, CLIMATE, GEOLOGICAL FORCES, (such as continental mergers and separations) AND HELPS EXPLAIN MANY ANCESTRAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS SEEN IN FOSSILS AND LIVINGS ORGANISMS TODAY a) Patterns of migrations were critical to Darwin when he was developing his theory b) Migrations patterns explained why, for example, islands often have more plant diversity than animal diversity: the plants are more able to migrate from the closest mainland as seeds, either by wind, or one the backs of birds 4. SINCE DARWIN'S TIME, SCIENTISTS HAVE CONFIRMED AND EXPANDED DARWIN'S STUDY NOW CALLED BIOGEOGRAPHY

trasitional fossils

1. Today, scientists studying evolutionary relationships have found hundreds of thousands of TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS THAT CONTAIN FEATURES SHARED BY DIFFERENT SPECIES 2. Archaepteryx fossils, which was one of the first birds, provided evidence of characteristics that classify it as a bird, and also show that the bird retained several distinct dinosaur features a) a transitional from a reptile to a bird and has some of each characteristics 2. Transitional fossils provide detailed patterns of evolutionary change for the ancestors of many modern animals, including mollusks, horses, whales, and humans

What does comparative embryology provide information on evolutionary relationships

1. Vertebrate embryos provide more glimpses into evolutionary relationships 2. Scientists have found that vertebrate embryos exhibit homologous structures during certain phases of development but become totally different structures in the adult forms a) Embryos of different vertebrate species developing almost identical ways b) Suggests that vertebrates evolved from a common ancestor, some basic sets of structural genes being used 3. Although the adult forms differ, the shared features in the embryos suggest that vertebrates evolved from a shared ancestor 4. EXAMPLES: a) All vertebrate embryos have a tail and paired structures called pharyngeal pouches b) in fish, the pouches develop into gills c) in reptiles, birds and mammals these structures become parts of the ears, jaws, and throats

Mutualism

2 SPECIES BENEFIT EACH OTHER example: insect and the plant it pollinates 1. A form of coevolution 2. Occurs when two species benefit each other 3. For example, comet orchids and the moths that pollinate them have coevolved an intimate dependency: the foot long flowers of this plat perfectly match the foot-long tongue of the moth

Adaptations

A TRAIT SHAPED BY NATURAL SELECTION THAT INCREASES AN ORGANISM'S REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS a) a trait shaped by natural selection that increases an organism's fitness 1. Darwin drew on all of the evidence for evolution, except for biochemistry which was not well developed in his time, to develop his own theory of evolution by natural selection 2. AT THE HEART OF HIS THEORY LIES THE CONCEPT OF ADAPTATION 3. One way to determine how effectively a trait contributes to reproductive success is to measure fitness 4. THE BETTER AN ORGANISM IS ADAPTED TO ITS ENVIRONMENT, THE GREATER ITS CHANCES OF SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS a) this concept explains the variations Darwin observed in the finches' beaks on the Galapagos Islands b) Because the environments differ on each island, different beak characteristics were selected for TYPES OF ADAPTATION: a) camouflage b) mimicry c) antimicriobial resistance

Adaptive Radiation

A TYPE OF DIVERGENT EVOLUTION WHERE MANY SPECIES DIVERGE FROM A SINGLE ANCESTOR IN A RELATIVELY SHORT TIME 1. Speciation of mammals after the mass extinction of dinosaurs a) adaptive radiation of mammals at the beginning of the Cenozoic era following the extinction of dinosaurs likely produced the diversity of mammals visible today 2. More than 300 species of cichlid fish, once lived in Africa's Lake Victoria a) Data show that these species diverged from a single ancestor within the last 14,000 years b) likely, a combination of factors caused the explosive radiation of the cichlids, including the appearance of a unique double jaw, which allowed these fish to exploit various food sources 3. can occur in a relatively short time when one species gives rise to many species in response to the creation of a new habitat or another ecological opportunity 4. Adaptive radiation often follows large scale extinctions

homologous structure

ANATOMICALLY SIMILAR STRUCTURE INHERITED FROM A COMMON ANCESTOR 1. Evolution predicts that an organism's body parts are more likely to be modifications of ancestral body parts than they are to entirely new features a) working from the same genetic code that is modified over time 2. Bird wings and reptile limbs are an example a) although birds use their winds to fly and reptiles use their limbs to walk, bird wings and reptile forelimbs are similar in shape and construction, which indicates that they were inherited from a common ancestor 3. While homologous structures alone are not evidence of evolution, they are a example for which evolution is best available explanation for the biological data

Which of the patterns of evolution/rates of speciation does this description describe: Ants are the correct size and weight needed to open the flowers for the peony plant. The peony plant provides food for the ant and the ant fertilizes the peony's flowers

Coevolution

Which of the patterns of evolution/rates of speciation does this description describe: In the ocean surrounding Antarctica, there are fish that survive the cold water by using a molecule made of glycoproteins that circulates the blood and keeps it from freezing. Certain kinds of worms that live in the Arctic ocean also make antifreeze proteins that help them live in icy water.

Convergent evolution

artificial selection

DARWIN'S TERM FOR THE SELECTIVE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS SELECTED FOR CERTAIN TRAITS IN ORDER TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING HAVING THOSE TRAITS a) directed breeding to produce offspring with desired traits 2. Same things as selective breeding 3. Darwin comes up with it after observing pigeon breeders 4. artificial selection also occurs when humans develop new breeds of dogs or new strains of crop plants

Antimicriboial resistance

DEVELOPS IN SOME BACTERIA IN RESPONSE TO SUB-LETHAL EXPOSURE TO ANTIBIOTICS 1. Species of bacteria that originally were killed by penicillin and other antibiotics have developed drug resistance 2. For almost every antibiotic, at least one species of resistant bacteria exits 3. One unintended consequence of the continued development of antibiotics is that some diseases, which were once thought to be contained, such as tuberculosis, have re-emerged in more harmful forms

Divergent Evolution

EVOLUTION OF ONE OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES INTO DIFFERENT SPECIES, RESULTING FROM ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS a) thinks diverge, they go apart 1. Example: finches in the Galapagos 2. Adaptive radiation

evolution

HEREDITARY CHANGES IN GROUPS OF LIVING ORGANISMS OVER TIME 1. In his book, Darwin used the term EVOLUTION, only on the last page 2 Today, biologist use the term to define CUMULATIVE CHANGES IN GROUPS OF ORGANISMS THROUGH TIME 3. Natural selection is not synonymous with evolution; it is a mechanism by which evolution occurs

derived trait

NEW FEATURE THAT HAD NOT APPEARED IN COMMON ANCESTORS a) newly evolved features such as feathers that do not appear in the fossils of common ancestors 1. Organisms that share derived traits are more closely related to the organisms of today than the organisms that have ancestral traits

Parasitic

ONE SPECIES HAS A HARMFUL EFFECT ON THE OTHER, COEVOLUTIONARY ARMS ARMS a) One species can evolve a parasitic dependency on another species b) example: predator and prey, antibiotic resistance 1. A type of coevolution 2. This type of relationship is often called a coevolutionary arms race 3. The classic example is a plant and an insect pathogen that is dependent on the plant for food a) the plant population evolves a chemical defense against the insect population b) the insects, in turn, evolve the biochemistry to resist the defense c) the plant then steps up the race by evolving new defenses, the insect escalates its response and the race goes on 4. Complex coevultionary relationships like these might reflect thousands of years of evolutionary interaction

embryo

ORGANISM'S EARLY PREBIRTH STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT

What are the principles of natural selection

Principles of natural selection that explains how traits of a population change over time: 1. VARIATION a) individuals in a population show variation b) different combinations of traits 2. HERETABILITY: a) variations are inherited from parents and passed down to offspring 3. OVERPRODUCTION: a) organisms have more offspring that can survive on available resources b) more offspring are born than can survive and create a competition for survival 4. REPRODUCTIVE ADVANTAGE: a) individuals that have advantageous variation are more likely to survive and reproduce b) variations that increase reproductive success will have a greater chance of being passed on than those that do not increase reproductive success

Which of the patterns of evolution/rates of speciation does this description describe: Abrupt appearance of new species in the fossil records

Punctuated equilibrium

Which of the patterns of evolution/rates of speciation does this description describe: Horse evolution shows long stable periods of little evolution interrupted by brief periods of rapid change.

Punctuated equilibrium

vestigial structure

REDUCED FORM OF A FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE THAT INDICATES SHARED ANCESTRY a) structures that overtime are the reduced forms of functional structures in an early ancestor 1. In some cases, a functioning structure in one species is smaller or less functional in a closely related species 2. Evolutionary theory predicts that features of ancestors that no longer have a function for that species will become smaller over time until they are lost 3. EXAMPLES: a) snake pelvis b) kiwi wings c) Human appendix

Punctuated equilibrium

SPECIATION OCCURS SUDDENLY AND RAPIDLY FOLLOWED BY LONG PERIODS OF STABILITY 1. Attempts to explain the abrupt transitions in the fossil record 2. According to this theory, rapid spurts of genetic change cause species to diverge quickly; these periods punctuate much longer periods when the species exhibit little change 3. No transitional fossils

Gradualism

SPECIATION THAT OCCURS AT A REGULAR, GRADUAL RATE 1. Most scientists think that evolution proceeds in small, gradual steps 2. A great deal of evidence favors this theory 3. However, the fossil record contains instances of abrupt transitions a) for example, certain species of fossil snails looked the same for millions of years, and then the shell shape changed dramatically in only a few thousand years 4. Darwin believed in this 5. Has transitional fossils

Coevolution

SPECIES EVOLVE CLOS RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER SPECIES; EVOLUTION OF ONE SPECIES AFFECTS THE EVOLUTION OF OTHER SPECIES example: cheetahs and gazelle 1. Many species evolve in close relationships with other species a) the relationship might be so close that the evolution of one species affects the evolution of the other species FORMS OF COEVOLUTION: 1. Mutualisms 2. Parasitic

Theory of Evolution

STATES THAT ALL ORGANISMS ON EARTH HAVE DESCENDED FROM A COMMON ANCESTOR 1. Evolution happens through natural selection 2. Darwin's book On the Origin of Species demonstrated how evolution might happen a) The book also prided evidence that evolution has occurred on our planet EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION: 1. Fossil record 2. Comparative anatomy 3. Comparative embroyology 4. Comparative biochemistry 5. Geographic distribution

analogous structure

STRUCTURES THAT HAS THE SAME FUNCTION BUT DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION AND WAS NOT INHERITED FROM COMMON ANCESTORS 1. Not all anatomically similar features are evidence of common ancestry 2. While analogous structures do not indicate close evolutionary relationships, they do show that functionally similar features can evolve independently in similar environments 3. EXAMPLE: THE WINGS OF AN EAGLE AND THE WINGS OF A DRAGONFLY HAVE THE SAME FUNCTION a) wings are constructed in different ways and from different materials

biogeography

STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS ON EARTH

What did Darwin discover in the Galapoagos Islands

THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS ARE A CLUSTER OF ISLANDS OFF THE COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA a) In 1835, the Beagle arrived in the islands 1. Darwin was initially disappointed by the stark barrenness of these volcanic islands 2. However, as he began to collect mockingbirds, finches, and other animals on the four islands that he visited, HE NOTICED THAT THE DIFFERENT ISLANDS ALL SEEMED TO HAVE THEIR OWN SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF ANIMALS a) Some of the islands had different environmental factors like climate, plants, mountains, or wet vs dry temperatures b) These differences, however, only sparked a mere curiosity 3. He noticed that island origins of the giant tortoise could be identified solely by the appearance of the tortoises' shells a) wondered why they were different (didn't God make all island animals and environments the same?) b) turtles have adaptations that make it easier to get food 4. ALMOST EVERY SPECIMEN DARWIN COLLECTED ON THE GALAPAGOS WAS NEW TO EUROPEANS SCIENTISTS, THOUGH THEY WERE SIMILAR TO SPECIES ON MAINLAND, SOUTH AMERICA a) Darwin was thinking it had to be the environment, not God that caused the differences

natural selection

THEORY OF EVOLUTION DEVELOPED BY DARWIN, BASED ON FOUR IDEAS variation, heritability, Overproduction. reproductive advantage a) organisms that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce 1. Goal: survive long enough to reproduce and pass on your traits a) if you survive, hopefully your offspring will too because of the inherited combination of variations 2. GIVEN ENOUGH TIME, NATURAL SELECTION COULD MODIFY A POPULATION ENOUGH TO PRODUCE A NEW SPECIES a) natural selection is now considered the mechanism by which evolution takes place example: penicillin resistant bacteria

What is rate of speciation? What are the two theories of it?

TRAITS CAN CHANGE RAPIDLY OR REMAIN UNCHANGED FOR MILLIONS OF YEARS 1. Evolution is a dynamic process a) in some cases, as in a coevolutionary arms race, traits might change rapidly b) in other cases, traits might remain unchanged for millions of years 2. The tempo of evolution is an active area of research in evolutionary theory today a) fossils can show only morphological structures b) changes in internal anatomy and function go unnoticed 3. The question of the tempo of evolution is an excellent illustration of how science works a) soling this puzzle requires insights from a variety of disciplines using a variety of methods b) like many areas of scientific endeavor, evolution offers a complex collection of evidence, and it does not yield easily to simple analysis THEORIES FOR THE TEMPO OF EVOLUTION: 1. Gradualism 2. Punctuated equilibrium a) BOTH THEORIES HAVE FOSSIL EVIDENCE TO BACK IT UP

Convergent evolution

UNRELATED SPECIES EVOLVE SIMILAR TRAITS THOUGH GEOGRAPHIC SEPARATED, IN RESPONSE TO SIMILAR ENVIRONMENTS 1. Sometimes unrelated species evolve similar traits even though they live in different parts of the world 2. Convergent evolution occurs in environments that are geographically far apart but have similar ecology and climate 3. The mara and rabbit provide an example of convergent evolution a) the mara and the rabbit are unrelated, but because they inhabit similar niches, they have evolved similarities in morphology, physiology, and behavior 4. Example: fish, mammals, and reptiles live in water and need fins and other water traits that all sharks, dolphins, and reptiles have without being the same species 5. Same solution to similar problem, but different species a) SHOWS THE IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENT

population

a group of organisms living together in a particular geographical area 1. Evolution takes place in this group

What are morphological adaptions

adaptations that are structural or own the surface

Which of the patterns of evolution/rates of speciation does this description describe: Bees don't see red, but do see yellow, blue, and Ultra-violet light. Thus, bee-pollinated flowers are mostly yellow or blue with UV nectar guides (landing patterns) to guide the bee. They usually have a small, narrow floral tube to fit the tongue-length of that species of bee.

coevolution

Which of the patterns of evolution/rates of speciation does this description describe: Hummingbirds have a beak just the right length to reach the nectar in a cardinal flower and as they feed their foreheads bump into the pollen structure. Cardinal flowers are red which hummingbirds can see but bees can't. Cardinal flower's pollen structure is just the right length for the hummingbird to pick up pollen as it feeds.

coevolution

Which of the patterns of evolution/rates of speciation does this description describe: Ostriches (birds) and giraffes (mammals) are both native to the savannahs of Africa. They share the same characteristic of a very long neck.

convergent evolution

Which of the patterns of evolution/rates of speciation does this description describe: This kind of evolution is proven by DNA analysis and results in organisms with different ancestors becoming more alike as they adapt to similar environments.

convergent evolution

Which of the patterns of evolution/rates of speciation does this description describe: Whales, sharks, and penguins all have streamlined bodies and fins/flippers for moving in water even though they belong in different classes of animals (mammals, fish, and birds).

convergent evolution

Which of the patterns of evolution/rates of speciation does this description describe: A kit fox lives in the desert and has large ears with greater surface area that keep the fox from getting overheated. The red fox lives in the forest and has a red coat that keeps it camouflaged.

divergent evolution

Which of the patterns of evolution/rates of speciation does this description describe: Adaptive radiation is also known as _________________.

divergent evolution

Which of the patterns of evolution/rates of speciation does this description describe: Ostriches are native to the savannahs of Africa, while penguins live in the polar regions. Although ostriches and penguins are closely-related, they look very different.

divergent evolution

Which of the patterns of evolution/rates of speciation does this description describe: The Galloti atlantica and Galloti galloti lizards evolved through natural selection from a common ancestor into a wide variety of different looking lizards.

divergent evolution

Which of the patterns of evolution/rates of speciation does this description describe: The Galάpagos tortoises share a common ancestor, but have necks of different lengths to best reach the food they need in their environment.

divergent evolution

Which of the patterns of evolution/rates of speciation does this description describe: The Galάpogos finches evolved through natural selection from a common ancestor into a wide variety of different looking species.

divergent evolution

Which of the patterns of evolution/rates of speciation does this description describe: The beaver in North America and the capybara in South America share a common ancestor, but have evolved over time to look different.

divergent evolution

Species

group of organism that can reproduce fertile offspring together 1. how organisms are grouped 2. bigger than population